Table 1. Cases of cranial trephination in the protohistory of the Italian peninsula.
| Site | Period | Sex/age | Description | Technique | Survival | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abruzzi | Neolithic | ♀ / Adult | Double: a. Ellipsoid / Left parietal | Scr, P-T | L-term | 1 |
| b. Rounded / Left parietal | Scr | L-term | ||||
| Basilicata | Neolithic | ♂ / Adult | Ellipsoid / Frontal, parietals | Inc | L-term | 2 |
| Latium | Neolithic | ♂ / Adult | Ellipsoid / Frontal, parietals | Scr + Inc | S-term | 2 |
| Campania | Copper Age | ♂ / Adult | Ovoid / Frontal, Left parietal | Scr | L-term | 3 |
| Liguria | Copper Age | ♀? / Adult | Linear incisions / Parietal | Inc, P-T | S-term | 2 |
| Latium | Copper Age | ♂ / Adult | Triple: a. Ellipsoid / Frontal | Burin | L-term | 2 |
| b. Ellipsoid / Frontal | Scr | L-term | ||||
| c. Ellipsoid / Parietal | Scr | L-term | ||||
| Tuscany | Copper Age | ♀ / Adult | Sub quadrangular / Left parietal | Scr | L-term | 2 |
| Tuscany | Copper Age | ♂ / Adult | Ellipsoid / Frontal, parietals | Scr | L-term | 2 |
| Sardinia | Copper Age | ♂ / Adult | Ellipsoid / Frontal, parietals | Scr? | L-term | 2 |
| Sardinia | Copper Age | ♂ / Adult | 1. Ellipsoid / Frontal | Scr | L-term | 2 |
| ♂ / Adult | 2. Ovoid / Occipital | Scr | L-term | |||
| Tuscany | Bronze Age | ♂ / Adult | 1. Ellipsoid / Frontal, parietals | Scr | L-term | 2 |
| ♂ / Juvenile | 2. Lanceolate / Frontal | Inc | L-term | |||
| ♂ / Adult | 3. Lanceolate / Frontal | Inc | L-term | |||
| ? / Adult | 4. Double: a. Circular /? Parietal | Scr | L-term | |||
| b. Circular /? Parietal | Burin | S-term | ||||
| ♂ / Child | 5. Linear incision / Frontal | Inc | L-term | |||
| Sardinia | Bronze Age | ♂ / Adult | 1. Circular / Lozenge | Scr | S-term | 2 |
| ♂ / Adult | 2. Double: a. Ellipsoid, rounded | Scr | S-term | |||
| b. Ellipsoid, rounded | Scr | S-term | ||||
| ♂ / Adult | 3. Double: a. Ellipsoid / Frontal | Scr | L-term | |||
| b. Lanceolate / Occipital | Scr | no | ||||
| ♂ / Adult | 4. Quadruple: a. Ellipsoid / Frontal | Burin | L-term | |||
| b. Ellipsoid / Left parietal | Burin | L-term | ||||
| c. Ellipsoid / Occipital | Burin | L-term | ||||
| d. Circular / Left parietal | Scr | L-term | ||||
| ♀ / Adult | 5. Ellipsoid / Right parietal | Scr + Inc | L-term | |||
| ♂ / Adult | 6. Triple: a. Circular / Frontal | Scr | L-term | |||
| b. Circular / Parietals | Scr | L-term | ||||
| c. Circular / Parietals | Scr | S-term | ||||
| Sicily | Bronze Age | ♂ / Adult | Ovoid / Right parietal | Scr | L-term | 2 |
| Lombardy | Bronze Age | ♀ / Adult | Ellipsoid / Frontal | Scr | L-term | 2 |
| Friuli-V.G. | Bronze Age | ♂ / Adult | Ellipsoid / Right parietal | Scr | L-term | 2 |
Scr = scraping; Inc = incision; P-T = post-traumatic; L-term = long-term; S-term = short-term;? = undefined Ref (Reference): 1 = Capasso et al. (2002); 2 = Fornaciari et al. (1993); 3 = Present article