Strategies for incorporating therapeutic agents into extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs can carry DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, or drugs, which are incorporated via various mechanisms. ❶ Directing highly oligomeric proteins to EVs using plasma membrane anchors (100). ❷ Including zipcode-like sequences in the 3′ untranslated region to facilitate mRNA loading into EVs (105). ❸ Overexpressing mRNA to drive incorporation into EVs by passive loading. ❹ Delivering an adeno-associated virus expression vector termed a vexosome (114). ❺ Loading EVs with cargo by physical methods, including mixing (e.g., for curcumin) (71) and electroporation for drugs (74) or RNA (76).