Table 3.
Proportions of Parkinson’s disease deaths occurring in hospital by patient and ecological characteristics (N = 34,430)
| Characteristics | Belgium | France | Italy | Spain (Andalusia) | Hungary | Czech Republic | New Zealand | USA | Canada | Mexico | South Korea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and social factors | |||||||||||
| Sex: | |||||||||||
| male | 33.1*** | 46.3*** | 34.6*** | 39.0 | 63.8 | 38.9 | 23.6 | 19.8*** | 50.0*** | 23.7 | 74.1 |
| female | 20.1 | 32.3 | 28.1 | 36.9 | 55.0 | 39.5 | 13.5 | 14.1 | 32.7 | 24.6 | 75.1 |
| Age: | |||||||||||
| <65 years | 50.0*** | 49.3*** | 36.7*** | 42.9 | 66.7§ | 44.4 | 25.0 | 29.7*** | 60.0** | 23.3 | 80.0** |
| 65 to 79 years | 36.2 | 47.6 | 35.9 | 39.5 | 60.0§ | 36.8 | 22.2 | 19.8 | 46.9 | 28.2 | 71.7 |
| 80+ years | 20.7 | 36.6 | 29.1 | 37.1 | 60.0 | 40.0 | 16.8 | 15.8 | 39.9 | 21.2 | 78.5 |
| Educational attainment: | |||||||||||
| no formal or elementary | 25.8 | _ | 30.7 | 35.8 | 55.1 | 30.3 | _ | 19.6 | _ | 21.5*** | 73.2 |
| lower secondary | 35.9 | _ | 36.6 | 43.8 | 100.0 | 39.5 | _ | 16.9 | _ | 31.3 | _ |
| higher secondary | 32.7 | _ | 31.7 | 41.9 | 64.3 | 44.4 | _ | 17.2 | _ | 24.0 | 77.8 |
| higher | 27.3 | _ | 28.2 | 33.3 | 69.7 | 75.0 | _ | 17.3 | _ | 38.4 | 79.7 |
| Social support | |||||||||||
| Marital status: | |||||||||||
| unmarried | 24.5 | 32.9*** | 30.1 | 26.7 | 57.1 | 0.0 | _ | 20.3*** | 37.2*** | 21.1 | 65.5** |
| married | 31.1 | 47.0 | 32.7 | 42.7 | 67.7 | 42.0 | _ | 19.4 | 50.3 | 23.1 | 70.7 |
| widowed | 22.7 | 33.3 | 29.9 | 34.2 | 52.2 | 40.6 | _ | 14.2 | 33.6 | 25.3 | 79.3 |
| divorced/ separated | 21.4 | 36.7 | 40.5 | 75.0 | 46.2 | 22.2 | _ | 19.2 | 46.3 | 29.4 | 75.0 |
| Residential factors | |||||||||||
| Urbanization level: | |||||||||||
| very strong/ strong | 29.3 | 39.2 | 35.3*** | 37.4 | 67.4 | _ | _ | _ | 42.9† | _ | 73.7** |
| average | 24.5 | 39.5 | 35.8 | 38.1 | 51.1 | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 82.6 |
| weak/ rural | 22.4 -- | 40.5 | 24.6 | 44.4 | 63.1 | _ | _ | _ | 39.0† | _ | 72.3 |
| Health care system factors | |||||||||||
| Hospital beds/ 1000 inhabitants: | |||||||||||
| <= median | 25 | 40 | 23*** | 40 | ‡ | ‡ | 19.6 | 16.7* | 41 | 23 | ‡ |
| > median | 29 | 40 | 39 | 35 | ‡ | ‡ | 17.8 | 18.0 | 44 | 25 | ‡ |
| LTC-beds/ 1000 inhabitants age 65+: | |||||||||||
| <= median | 27 | 39 | 23*** | 36 | ‡ | ‡ | 24.8 | 17.3 | 41 | _ | ‡ |
| > median | 27 | 41 | 39 | 40 | ‡ | ‡ | 11.8 | 17.4 | 47 | _ | ‡ |
‘-‘ in cells represents that this information was not available in the country’s death certificate data. Percentages are row percentages. Abbreviation: LTC Long Term Care.
*Significant differences between categories within variable at 0.05 level, tested with Fisher Exact Test.; **Significant at 0.01 level ; ***Significant at 0.001 level.
†In the Canadian death certificate data the urbanization level was categorized as ‘urban’ and ‘rural’.
‡Data on the region of residence within the country was not provided in the country’s death certificate data and hence the data on health care availability was for the country as a whole.
§For Hungary the age distribution was provided in different ranges: <60; 60–79; 80 + .