Table 1. Changes in anthropometric measures, fitness, and cardiometabolic health in obese adolescent females who either gained or lost weight during treatment.
| Weight Loss Group (N=33) | Weight Gain Group (N=25) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline M (SD) | 6 months M (SD) | p | Baseline M (SD) | 6 months M (SD) | p | |
| Anthropometrics | ||||||
| Weight (kg) | 97.3 (15.1) | 92.8 (14.7) | <0.001 | 96.0 (15.8) | 100.5 (16.5)‡ | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 163.2 (7.6) | 163.6 (7.4) | 0.115 | 161.2 (7.0) | 162.6 (6.2)‡ | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 36.5 (4.6) | 34.6 (4.5) | <0.001 | 36.7 (4.6) | 37.7 (4.6)*‡ | 0.017 |
| BMI percentile | 98.8 (1.4) | 98.1 (2.4) | 0.001 | 99.1 (0.7) | 99.1 (0.6)*‡ | 0.490 |
| BMI Z-score | 2.4 (0.3) | 2.2 (0.3) | <0.001 | 2.4 (0.3) | 2.4 (0.2)*‡ | 0.829 |
| Body fat percentage | 40.5 (3.5) | 37.5 (3.9) | <0.001 | 43.8 (4.1)* | 43.3 (4.0)†‡ | 0.180 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 39.5 (8.1) | 35.0 (8.0) | <0.001 | 42.3 (9.5) | 43.8 (9.8)†‡ | 0.024 |
| Fat-free mass (kg) | 57.7 (8.6) | 57.6 (8.1) | 0.780 | 53.6 (7.6) | 56.6 (7.8)‡ | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 97.9 (10.4) | 93.8 (9.6) | <0.001 | 97.8 (8.5) | 98.2 (9.0)‡ | 0.620 |
| Cardiorespiratory Fitness | ||||||
| VO2peak (L/min) | 2.3 (0.4) | 2.6 (0.4) | <0.001 | 2.3 (0.3) | 2.5 (0.3) | 0.001 |
| VO2peak (ml/kg/min) | 24.6 (4.7) | 28.2 (4.6) | <0.001 | 24.7 (4.6) | 26.1 (5.6)‡ | 0.047 |
| VO2peak (ml/kg FFM/min) | 41.0 (7.1) | 45.3 (6.5) | <0.001 | 43.5 (6.2) | 45.3 (8.0) | 0.145 |
| Cardiometabolic Disease (N = 57) | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure | 119.2 (10.1) | 115.9 (9.3) | 0.080 | 117.1 (8.5) | 115.8 (9.4) | 0.488 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 66.9 (4.7) | 65.1 (8.1) | 0.162 | 64.6 (6.8) | 61.9 (7.6) | 0.062 |
| Total cholesterol | 149.9 (25.9) | 144.8 (22.4) | 0.075 | 157.2 (30.3) | 155.3 (27.8) | 0.607 |
| LDL-C | 94.3 (22.5) | 88.5 (21.9) | 0.034 | 99.2 (29.2) | 97.3 (25.5) | 0.609 |
| HDL-C | 42.9 (9.7) | 42.5 (8.0) | 0.758 | 41.3 (8.0) | 42.0 (7.4) | 0.552 |
| Triglycerides | 72.0 (27.6) | 69.2 (35.0) | 0.717 | 77.2 (33.7) | 80.1 (31.0) | 0.664 |
| Triglycerides:HDL-C | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.8 (1.3) | 0.911 | 2.0 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.0) | 0.766 |
| Fasting glucose | 84.6 (7.7) | 82.1 (6.0) | 0.031 | 84.6 (9.5) | 89.6 (28.4) | 0.833‡ |
| Metabolic Syndrome§ | 5 (15.2%) | 4 (12.1%) | 0.500 | 3 (12.5%) | 5 (20.8%) | 0.099 |
| MHO phenotypeδ | 13 (39.4%) | 19 (57.6%) | <0.001 | 9 (37.5%) | 11 (45.8%) ‡ | 0.675 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MHO, metabolically healthy obese
*
Significantly different from WL at the same time point (p<0.05).
†
Significantly different from WL at the same time point (p<0.01).
‡
Change from baseline to 6 months was significantly different from WL.
§
Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed if ≥3 of the following were present: elevated blood pressure - systolic or diastolic blood pressure ≥90th percentile for age, sex, and height; HDL-C - ≤40 mg/dL; triglycerides - ≥110 mg/dL; fasting glucose - ≥100 mg/dL; BMI z-score - >2.0.
δ
MHO phenotype was diagnosed if no other risk factors other than BMI z-score >2.0 were present.