Table 1.
General demographic, clinical and behavioural data for participant groups.
| Characteristics | Healthy controls | AD |
|---|---|---|
| General | ||
| No (m:f). | 17 (8:9) | 13 (8:5) |
| Age (years) | 68.3 (3.9) | 65.7 (5.6) |
| Education (years) | 15.8 (3.0) | 13.4 (3.2)a |
| Musical training (years) | 1.7 (2.7) | 3.0 (2.7) |
| MMSE | 28.8 (0.9) | 19.7 (6.5)a |
| Symptom duration (years) | − | 4.9 (1.7) |
| Neuropsychological assessment | ||
| General intellect: IQ | ||
| WASI verbal IQ | 118.6 (8.1) | 87.1 (22.3)a |
| WASI performance IQ | 118.1 (15.1) | 83.5 (17.4)a |
| NART estimated premorbid IQ | 119.7 (5.7) | 103.9 (16.5)a |
| Episodic memory | ||
| RMT words (/50) | 46.2 (2.8) | 30.6 (6.9)a |
| RMT faces (/50) | 43.1 (4.6) | 33.5 (7.1)a |
| Executive skills | ||
| WASI block design (/71) | 42.4 (16.6) | 12.6 (13.7)a |
| WASI matrices (/32) | 29.4 (14.9) | 12.8 (9.6)a |
| WMS-R digit span forward (/12) | 8.6 (1.8) | 6.1 (2.1)a |
| WMS-R digit span backward (/12) | 6.6 (2.2) | 4.5 (2.8)a |
| D-KEFS Stroopb colour (s) | 33.0 (7.1) | 53.3 (18.0)a |
| D-KEFS Stroopb word (s) | 22.4 (4.5) | 41.4 (25.6)a |
| D-KEFS Stroopb interference (s) | 62.2 (16.7) | 102.1 (32.9)a |
| Verbal skills | ||
| WASI vocabulary (/80) | 68.1 (4.5) | 45.2 (20.2)a |
| WASI similarities (/48) | 41.1 (9.0) | 23.1 (12.8)a |
| GNT (/30) | 24.9 (3.2) | 12.9 (8.5)a |
| BPVS (/150) | 146.8 (3.0) | 123.8 (28.8)a |
| NARTc (/50) | 41.2 (4.6) | 30.2 (12.2)a |
| Posterior cortical skills | ||
| GDAd (/24) | 15.6 (3.5) | 6.4 (4.9)a |
| VOSP object decision (/20) | 18.2 (1.5) | 14.8 (2.9)a |
| Post-scan behavioural tasks | ||
| Name detection (/20) | 19.9 (0.3) | 19.0 (1.5) |
| Segregation detection (/20)c | 17.1 (2.7) | 12.2 (4.1)a |
Values are mean (standard deviation, std) unless otherwise stated. Raw data are shown for neuropsychological tests (maximum score in parentheses); bold indicates mean raw score <5th percentile based on published norms.
AD, patient group with typical Alzheimer's disease; BPVS, British Picture Vocabulary Scale (Dunn et al., 1982); D-KEFS, Delis Kaplan Executive System (Delis et al., 2001); GDA, Graded Difficulty Arithmetic (Jackson and Warrington, 1986); GNT, Graded Naming Test (McKenna and Warrington, 1983); L, left; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination score; NART, National Adult Reading Test (Nelson, 1982); R, right; RMT, Recognition Memory Test (Warrington, 1984); VOSP, Visual Object and Spatial Perception Battery (Warrington and James, 1991); WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (Wechsler, 1999); WMS-R, Wechsler Memory Scale, Revised (Wechsler, 1987).
Significantly different to healthy control group.
Three patients did not complete all sub-sections of this task.
One patient did not complete this task.
Four patients were unable to complete this task.