FIG 3.

Cytokine levels in dengue, leptospirosis, and enteric fever patients and healthy controls. Plasma levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) (A), IFN-α (B), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (C), IL-6 (D), and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) (E) in Indonesian adults with dengue fever (n = 95) during the febrile (n = 14), critical (n = 77), early recovery (n = 72), and convalescence (n = 54) phases; with leptospirosis (n = 19); and with enteric fever (n = 6) and in a control group of healthy adult Indonesians (n = 22). The minimum detectable concentration was 2.4 pg/ml for all cytokines. The dots represent the individual measurements, the horizontal lines represent median values, and the whiskers represent interquartile ranges. P values were determined by Mann-Whitney U test for comparison of dengue, leptospirosis, and enteric fever patients with the healthy control group. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant. P values are indicated as follows: *, <0.05; **, <0.01; ***, <0.001.