Table 4.

Cloning of efflux pumps facilitate the excretion of synthesized lipids out from bacteria cells. “Pro/cons” stands for advantages and disadvantages.

Type of Transporter	Origin	Host Cells	Molecules Transported	Pro/Cons	References
Resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) family	Gram-negative bacteria, similarities with cyanobacteria	Escherichia coli	limonene	Pro: increase the excretion of limonene Con: Large tripartite protein complex [239]	[122]
ATP-binding cassette (ABC)	Bacteria	Escherichia coli	carotenoids, squalene, botrycoccene	Pro: present in all 5 kingdoms; import or export molecules and ions across cell membranes	[121,240,241]
Formate transporter (focA)	Escherichia coli	Escherichia coli	formate		[242]