Table 1.
Marine species of brown macroalgae (PHAEOPHYTES) producing polysaccharides (PS): some structural features and applications.
| Type of PS | Source | Structure | Action/Application | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main Mono-Sugars/Disaccharide Units | Glycosidic Bonds of Backbone | ||||
| Chromophyta Dictyotales | |||||
| Heterofucans S-fucans | Canistrocarpus cervicornis a.k.a. Dictyota cervicornis | Fuc | Anticoagulant, antioxidant; anti-proliferative | [2,25] | |
| S-galactofucans | D. menstrualis | Gal, fuc, xyl, glcAc | Peripheral anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant; anticoagulant, anti-proliferative | [1,2,26] | |
| D. mertensis | antioxidant; anticoagulant, anti-proliferative | [2] | |||
| Heterofucans | Dictyopteris delicatula | Fuc | Anticoagulant, antioxidant, antitumor, anti-proliferative | [2,27] | |
| D. polypodioides | Fuc | Antitumor | [28] | ||
| S-galactofucans | Lobophora variegata | Gal, fuc | Antioxidant, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory | [29,30] | |
| Heterofucans | Padina gymnospora | GlcAc, fuc, | (1,3)- and (1,4)-β-d-glcAc | Antioxidant, anticoagulant, anti-thrombotic, antiviral | [2,31,32] |
| S-fucan | P. tetrastromatica | Fuc, gal, xyl, glcAc | (1,2)- and (1,3)-α-fuc | [33] | |
| S-galactofucans; sPS; S-fucans |
Spatoglossum schröederi | Gal, fuc, xyl; Fuc |
(1,4)- and (1,3)-α-fuc | Anti-thrombotic; Peripheral anti-nociceptive; Anti-proliferative, anti-adhesive, antioxidant |
[2,34,35,36,37,38] |
| Ectocarpales | |||||
| S-galactofucans | Adenocystis utricularis | Gal, fuc, rham, uronic acid | (1,3)-α-fuc | Antiviral | [39] |
| S-fucans | Cladosiphon okamuranus a.k.a. Okinawa mozuku | Fuc, glc, glcAc | (1,3)-α-l-fuc | Anti-proliferative, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiadhesive, antitumor, immunomodulator; angiogenic, gastroprotective, cardioprotective, restenosis preventive | [15,22,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47] |
| S-fucoidan | C. novae-caledoniae | Fuc | Antitumor | [48] | |
| Fucans | Leathesia difformis | Fuc | Antiviral | [49] | |
| LMW-S-fucans | Nemacystus decipiens | Fuc | Anticoagulant | [50] | |
| Fucales | |||||
| S-fucans; LMW-sPS; S-Laminaran; or otherwise modified |
Ascophyllum nodosum | Fuc, xyl, gal, glcAc; Glc |
(1,3)- and (1,4)-α-l-fuc (alternating); (1,3)- and (1,6)-β-glc |
Immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, anti-thrombotic, anti-metastatic, antitumor, antiadhesive, restenosis preventive; Anti-thrombotic, anticoagulant, angiogenic Antitumor, anticoagulant; serum hypocholesterolaemic, hypotensive, antibacterial, immunomodulator |
[15,20,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61] |
| S-fucans | Fucus spp. F. vesiculosus | Fuc, xyl, gal, glcAc | (1,3)- and (1,4)-α-l-fuc (alternating) | Immunostimulant, antiviral, antitumor, antiproliferative, antiadhesive, anticoagulant, antioxidant, anti-metastatic, anti-inflammatory; anti-angiogenic, antithrombotic (except F. vesiculosus) | [2,15,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70] |
| Laminaran; S-laminaran or otherwise modified | Fucus sp. | Glc | (1,3)- and (1,6)-β-glc | Antitumor, decreases liver triglyceride, cholesterol and phospholipid levels; serum hypocholesterolaemic, hypotensive, antibacterial, immunomodulator anticoagulant | [56,59,61] |
| S-fucans | Hizikia fusiforme a.k.a. Sargassum fusiforme | Fuc, gal, man, glcAc | (1,2)-α-d-man alternating with (1,4)-β-d-glcAc; some (1,4)-β-d-gal | Anticoagulant, anti-thrombotic | [71,72] |
| Fucans | Pelvetia fastigiata | Fuc | Antiviral | [73] | |
| LMW-S-fucans | P. canaliculata | Fuc | Antiviral | [74] | |
| S-fucans | Sargassum spp. | Fuc, gal, xyl, uronic acid | Prevent hyperlipidaemia, normalize dislipidaemia | [75,76,77] | |
| S-galactofucans | Sargassum sp. | Gal, fuc, rham, glcAc | (1,6)-β-d-gal and/or (1,2)-β-d-man | Antitumor | [28,62,78,79,80] |
| S-heterofucans | S.filipendula | Fuc | Antioxidant, anti-proliferative | [2,81] | |
| S-fucoidan | S. henslowianum | Fuc | Anti-proliferative, antitumor | [75] | |
| S-fucoidan | S. horneri | Fuc | (1,3)-α-l-fuc, (1,3)- and (1,4)-α-l-fuc | Antitumor, antiviral | [62,80] |
| LMW-fucoidan | S. patens | Fuc | Antiviral | [32] | |
| sPS | Turbinaria conoides | Antioxidant | [82] | ||
| Laminariales | |||||
| S-galactofucan | Costaria costata | Gal, fuc | Antitumor | [16] | |
| S-fucans | Ecklonia cava E. kurome | Fuc, rham, gal, glcAc | (1,3)- or (1,6)-, and (1,4)-α-l-fuc | Anti-proliferative, antitumor, anticoagulant, antioxidant, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory | [16,83,84,85,86,87,88] |
| Fucoidans; laminarans |
Eisenia bicyclis | Fuc; Glc |
(1,3)- and (1,6)-β-d-glc | Anti-proliferative, antitumor, anticoagulant; Antitumor |
[83,89,90,91] |
| Laminaran; S-laminaran or otherwise modified | Laminaria sp (or Saccharina) | Glc | (1,3)- and (1,6)-β-glc | Antitumor, anticoagulant, decreases liver triglyceride, cholesterol and phospholipid levels; serum hypocholesterolaemic, hypotensive, antibacterial, immunomodulator | [56,59,61] |
| S-fucoidans | Laminaria spp. | Fuc, xyl, man, glcAc | (1,3)-α-l-fuc | Antioxidant, anticoagulant, antithrombotic, anti-adhesive, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, anti-metastatic | [15,52,83,92,93,94,95,96] |
| S-galactofucan | L. japonica a.k.a. Saccharina japonica | Gal, fuc | (1,3)- and (1,4)-α-l-fuc (alternating) | Anti-lipidaemic, increases HDL, antiviral, antitumor, immunomodulator, antioxidant neuroprotective | [3,15,97,98,99,100,101,102] |
| Fucoidans | Lessonia vadosa | Fuc | Anticoagulant | [103] | |
| S-fucoidan | Saccharina cichorioides a.k.a. Laminaria cichorioides | Fuc | Antitumor, anticoagulant, anti-thrombotic | [104,105] | |
| S-galactofucans fucoidan | Undaria pinnatifida | Gal, fuc, xyl, uronic acid | (1,3)- and (1,4)-α-l-fuc (alternating) | Antiviral, anticoagulant, antitumor, anti-proliferative, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory induced osteoblastic differentiation | [3,52,69,106,107,108,109,110,111] |
| LMW-S-fucans | Anticoagulant | [112] | |||
| Laminaran; S-laminaran or otherwise modified | Glc | Anticoagulant, antitumor; serum hypocholesterolaemic, hypotensive, antibacterial, immunomodulator | [56,59,61] | ||