Table 2.

Marine species of red macroalgae (RHODOPHYTES) producing PS: some structural features and applications.

Type of PS	Source	Structure		Action/ Application	References
		Main mono-Sugars/Disaccharide Units	Glycosidic Bonds of Backbone
	Rhodophyta Bangiales
S-galactan porphyran	Porphyra spp.	Gal	(1,3)-β-d-gal or (1,4)-α-l-gal	Antitumor, hypotensive, regulates blood cholesterol	[113,114]
sPS	P. haitanensis			Antioxidant	[115]
Porphyran	P. yezoensis			Antitumor, immunomodulatory, hypolipidaemic	[116,117,118,119]
	Ceramiales
S-agarans	Bostrychia montagnei			Antiviral	[120]
S-agarans	Cryptopleura ramosa			Antiviral	[121]
	Digenea simplex			Antiviral	[122]
	Corallinales
LMW-PS	Corallina sp.			Antiviral	[32]
	Cryptonemiales
	Cryptonemia crenulata	Gal		Antiviral	[123]
S-agaran	Gloiopeltis complanata	Gal, Agal	[→3)-β-d-gal-(1→4)-3,6-α-l-Agal-(1→], and [→3)-β-d-gal-(1→4)-α-l-gal-(1→]		[114]
Agaroid-carrageenan	G. furcata	Gal	6-O-methyl-gal, 3,6Agal(1,3)-β-d-, and (1,4)-α-l-gal or (1,4)-α-l-Agal		[124]
	Gelidiales
di-S-galactan	Gelidium crinale	Gal		Anticoagulant	[125]
S-agarans and hybrid dl-galactans	Pterocladia capillacea	Gal		Antiviral	[126]
	Gigartinales
S-agarans S-galactans	Aghardiella tenera	Gal		Antiviral	[127,128]
S-λ-carrageenan	Chondrus crispus	Gal, Agal	(1,3)-α-d-gal, and (1,4)-β-3,6-Agal or (1,4)-β-d-gal (alternating)	Antiviral, anticoagulant, antithrombotic	[1,5,129,130,131]
LMW-sPS	C. ocellatus			Antitumor	[132]
S-galactans	Euchema cottonii	Gal		Antioxidant	[2]
S-κ-carrageenan	E. spinosa	Gal, Agal	(1,3)-α-d-gal, and (1,4)-β-3,6-Agal or (1,4)-β-d-gal (alternating)	Anticoagulant, anti-thrombotic	[5,130,131]
LMW-sPS	Furcellaria lumbricalis			Immunostimulant	[133]
S-galactans	Gigartina acicularis	Gal		Antioxidant	[2]
S-carrageenans	G. skottsbergii	Gal, Agal	(1,3)-α-d-gal, and (1,4)-β-3,6-Agal or (1,4)-β-d-gal (alternating)	Antiviral, anticoagulant	[130,131,134,135]
Hybrid dl-galactans	Gymnogongrus torulosus	Gal		Antiviral	[136]
LMW-PS	Hypnea charoides			Antiviral	[32]
LMW-S-carrageenans	Kappaphycus striatus	Gal, Agal	(1,3)-α-d-gal, and (1,4)-β-3,6-Agal or (1,4)-β-d-gal (alternating)	Antitumor, immunomodulator	[1,131]
S-λ-carrageenan	Phyllophora brodiei	Gal, Agal	(1,3)-α-d-gal, and (1,4)-β-3,6-Agal or (1,4)-β-d-gal (alternating)	Anticoagulant, antithrombotic	[130,131,137]
LMW-sPS	Soliera chordalis			Immunostimulant	[138]
S-carrageenans	Stenogramme interrupta	Gal, Agal	(1,3)-α-d-gal, and (1,4)-β-3,6-Agal or (1,4)-β-d-gal (alternating)	Antiviral	[130,131,139]
	Gracilariales			Antioxidant	[2]
sPS	Gracilaria caudata
S-agarans S-galactans	G.corticata	Gal		Antiviral	[140]
sPS	G. verrucosa			Immunomodulator	[141]
	Halymeniales
S-galactan	Grateloupia indica	Gal		Anticoagulant, antithrombotic	[137]
	Nemaliales
S-mannans	Nemalion helminthoides	Man		Antiviral	[142]
Xylogalactans S-xylomannans	Nothogenia fastigiata	Xyl, gal Xyl, man		Antiviral, anticoagulant	[143,144,145]
	Nematomatales
S-galactans	Schizymenia dubyi	Gal, uronic acid		Antiviral	[146]
S-λ-carrageenan	S. pacifica	Gal, Agal	(1,3)-α-d-gal, and (1,4)-β-3,6-Agal or (1,4)-β-d-gal (alternating)	Antiviral	[130,131,147]
S-galactan	S. binderi	Gal		Anticoagulant	[148]
	Rhodymeniales
di-S-galactan; LMW-sPS	Botryocladia occidentalis	Gal		Anticoagulant; anti-venom	[149,150]
LMW-carrageenans	Champia feldmannii	Gal, Agal	(1,3)-α-d-gal, and (1,4)-β-3,6-Agal or (1,4)-β-d-gal (alternating)	Antitumor	[130,131,151]
	Sebdeniales
S-xylomannans	Sebdenia polydactyla	Xyl, man		Antiviral	[152]