Figure 4. Ductal Carcinoma in situ (DCIS).
Section of late stage comedo-type DCIS with central necrosis stained immunohistochemically with antibody against the glucose transporter, GLUT-1. Notable is the strong staining of peri-luminal cells which are expected to be hypoxic (see figure 3). GLUT-1 is a client of the hypoxia inducible factor, HIF-1α, and can be a biomarker for high rates of glycolysis.