Table 3.
Characteristics of the intervention and the outcomes (n = 61). ExEE, exercise EE.
| Studies | Interventions Characteristics | Outcomes of the Interventions | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Author, year | Supervised | Compliance (%) | Exercise Intervention | Measure of BC | FM (Initial) (kg) | FM (Final) (kg) | FFM (Initial) (kg) | FFM (Final) (kg) | ExEE Total (kcal) | Compensation (%) |
| Abe, 1997 [30] | Yes | N/A | 2.8×/week for 30 min during 13 weeks of continuous biking at 50%–60% HRRmax | HW | 15.3 ± 2.7 (9) | 12.7 ± 2.1 (9) | 39.2 ± 3.3 (9) | 38.5 ± 3.4 (9) | 7280 | −245 |
| Blaney, 1991 [31] | No | N/A | 3×/week for 28 min during 16 weeks of continuous running/walking at 70%–80% VO2max | HW | 25.5 ± N/A (7) | 23.7 ± N/A (7) | 65.0 ± 10.0 (7) | 67.0 ± 10.0 (7) | 16,131 | 14 |
| Brandon, 2006 [32] | No | 87.6 | 3×/week for 50 min during 18 weeks of continuous brisk walking at a self-pace with an objective of 3.5 mph | DEXA | 38.5 ± N/A (28) | 36.1 ± N/A (28) | 47.1 ± N/A (28) | 47.6 ± N/A (28) | 17,521 | −24 |
| Carter, 2001 [33] | No | N/A | 5×/week for 60 min during 7 weeks of continuous biking at 60% VO2peak | DEXA | 12.2 ± N/A (8) | 11.8 ± N/A (8) | 65.9 ± 7.1 (8) | 66.0 ± 6.6 (8) | 22,191 | 84 |
| Carter, 2001 [33] | No | N/A | 5×/week for 60 min during 7 weeks of continuous biking at 60% VO2peak | DEXA | 17.9 ± N/A (8) | 17.2 ± N/A (8) | 50.3± 4.2 (8) | 50.3 ± 4.1 (8) | 15,769 | 58 |
| Caudwell, 2013 [12] | Yes | N/A | 5×/week during 12 weeks of continuous walking/biking/running/rowing/stepping machine at 70% HRmax | BP | 33.2 ± 10.4 (35) | 30.1 ± N/A (35) | 63.4 ± 6.5 (35) | 63.5 ± N/A (35) | 29,339 | 0 |
| Caudwell, 2013 [12] | Yes | N/A | 5×/week during 12 weeks of continuous walking/biking/running/rowing/stepping machine at 70% HRmax | BP | 38.3 ± 9.0 (72) | 35.3 ± N/A (72) | 47.7 ± 5.8 (72) | 48.3 ± N/A (72) | 27,547 | 1 |
| Cowan, 1985 [34] | No | 93.75 | 4×/week for 17–44 min during 9 weeks of continuous walking at 80% aged predicted HRmax | HW | 21.9 ± N/A (16) | 21.2 ± N/A (16) | 45.6 ± N/A (16) | 46.3 ± N/A (16) | 6001 | 11 |
| Cramer, 1991 [35] | Yes | 100 | 5×/week for 45 min during 15 weeks of continuous walking/biking at 62% VO2max | HW | 27.9 ± N/A (18) | 27.8 ± N/A (18) | 48.6 ± N/A (18) | 48.7 ± N/A (18) | 20,810 | 94 |
| Després, 1991 [36] | No | N/A | 4.5×/week for 90 min during 61 weeks of continuous walking/biking/aerobic dance/swimming at 55% VO2max | HW | 42.6 ± 9.4 (13) | 38.0 ± 7.3 (13) | 47.4 ± 5.1 (13) | 48.3 ± 4.1 (13) | 163,327 | 74 |
| Donnelly, 2000 [37] | Yes | 91.9 | 3×/week for 29 min during 78 weeks of continuous exercise (N/A) at 60%–75% VO2max | HW | 34.0 ± 3.7 (11) | 31.9 ± 3.3 (11) | 47.4 ± 3.7 (11) | 47.8 ± 3.8 (11) | 41,793 | 54 |
| Donnelly, 2000 [37] | Not always | 90.3 | 5×/week for 14.5 min twice daily during 78 weeks of continuous walking at 50%–65% HRreserve | HW | 36.7 ± 7.0 (11) | 36.0 ± 7.7 (11) | 49.1 ± 7.7 (11) | 49.1 ± 7.5 (11) | 60,492 | 89 |
| Donnelly, 2013 [38] | Yes | >90 | 5×/week for the time necessary to expend 600 kcal/session during 43.5 weeks of continuous biking/running/walking/exercise on elliptical machine at 70%–80% HRmax | DEXA | 34.1 ± 9.4 (18) | 29.7 ± 9.6 (18) | 46.1 ± 5.3 (18) | 46.9 ± 4.8 (18) | 111,703 | 64 |
| Donnelly, 2013 [38] | Yes | >90 | 5×/week for the time necessary to expend 400 kcal/session during 43.5 weeks of continuous biking/running/walking/exercise on elliptical machine at 70%–80% HRmax | DEXA | 34.8 ± 11.1 (19) | 31.7 ±12.2 (19) | 46.9 ± 8.0 (19) | 47.0 ± 7.7 (19) | 74,744 | 61 |
| Donnelly, 2013 [38] | Yes | >90 | 5×/week for the time necessary to expend 600 kcal/session during 43.5 weeks of continuous biking/running/walking/exercise on elliptical machine at 70%–80% HRmax | DEXA | 36.4 ± 7.5 (19) | 30.5 ± 10.1 (19) | 65.0 ± 7.3 (19) | 65.4 ± 7.4 (19) | 111,703 | 51 |
| Donnelly, 2013 [38] | Yes | >90 | 5×/week for the time necessary to expend 400 kcal/session during 43.5 weeks of continuous biking/running/walking/exercise on elliptical machine at 70%–80% HRmax | DEXA | 34.5 ± 11.6 (18) | 31.0 ± 11.4 (18) | 64.4 ± 9.9 (18) | 64.4 ± 9.2 (18) | 74,744 | 56 |
| Dowdy, 1985 [39] | No | ≥90 | 3×/week for 45 min during 10 weeks of continuous aerobic dance at 77% HRreserve | HW | 19.3 ± 6.4 (18) | 19.7 ± 5.8 (18) | 43.8 ± 3.1 (18) | 44.1 ± 2.3 (18) | 11,525 | 146 |
| Earnest, 2013 [40] | No | N/A | 3–4×/week during 12 weeks of continuous running/walking at 50%–70% VO2max and running/walking interval between 90% and 95% VO2max with recuperation at 50% VO2max | DEXA | 27.5 ± N/A (21) | 26.1 ± N/A (21) | 66.4 ± N/A (21) | 65.5 ± N/A (21) | 12,096 | −15 |
| Earnest, 2013 [40] | No | N/A | 3–4×/week during 12 weeks of continuous running/walking at 50%–70% VO2max | DEXA | 28.3 ± N/A (16) | 27.8 ± N/A (16) | 70.6 ± N/A (16) | 69.9 ± N/A (16) | 12,096 | 50 |
| Glisezinski, 2003 [41] | Yes | N/A | 5×/week for 60 min during 17 weeks of continuous running/biking at a VO2max that increased from 50%–85% | DEXA | 20.4 ± N/A (11) | 19.0 ± N/A (11) | 69.1 ± N/A (11) | 68.6 ± N/A (11) | 58,785 | 77 |
| Glowacki, 2004 [42] | Yes | N/A | 2–3×/week for 20–40 min during 12 weeks of continuous running at 65%–80% HRreserve | HW | 19.2 ± N/A (12) | 17.3 ± N/A (12) | 68.7 ± 9.5 (12) | 69.5 ± 9.3 (12) | 13,210 | −25 |
| Grediagin, 1995 [24] | No | 100 | 4×/week during 12 weeks of continuous exercise on a treadmill at 80% VO2max | HW | 21.2 ± N/A (6) | 18.9 ± N/A (6) | 47.0 ± N/A (6) | 48.9 ± N/A (6) | 14,400 | −24 |
| Grediagin, 1995 [24] | No | 100 | 4×/week during 12 weeks of continuous exercise on a treadmill at 50% VO2max | HW | 21.3 ± N/A (6) | 19.0 ± N/A (6) | 47.4 ± N/A (6) | 48.2 ± N/A (6) | 14,400 | −39 |
| Hardman, 1992 [43] | No | N/A | ≥3×/week for ˃20 min during 52 weeks of continuous brisk walking | HW | 23.7 ± 1.5 (28) | 24.7 ± 1.6 (28) | 40.3 ± N/A (28) | 39.6 ± N/A (28) | 44,726 | 125 |
| Hinkleman, 1993 [44] | Yes | N/A | 5×/week for 45 min during 15 weeks of continuous walking at 60% HRreserve | HW | 28.1 ± 1.4 (18) | 28.0 ± 1.3 (18) | 48.4 ± 0.9 (18) | 48.5 ± 0.9 (18) | 20,139 | 96 |
| Juneau, 1987 [45] | No | N/A | 5×/week for 47 min during 24 weeks of continuous exercise (N/A) at 50%–66% VO2max | HW | 17.9 ± N/A (28) | 14.0 ± N/A (28) | 61.5 ± 8.0 (28) | 63.9 ± 13.0 (28) | 38,160 | 15 |
| Juneau, 1987 [45] | No | N/A | 5×/week for 54 min during 24 weeks of continuous exercise (N/A) at 50%–66% VO2max | HW | 17.8 ± N/A (24) | 16.6 ± N/A (24) | 46.0 ± 5.0 (24) | 46.8 ± 4.0 (24) | 30,960 | 68 |
| Kirk, 2003 [46] | Yes | 89.6 | 3–5×/week for 20–45 min during 70 weeks of continuous biking/walking/aerobic exercise in water at a VO2max that increased from 55%–70% | HW | 27.4 ± 7.1 (25) | 27.2 ± 7.9 (25) | 49.5 ± 5.8 (25) | 50.4 ± 5.8 (25) | 118,837 | 100 |
| Kirk, 2003 [46] | Yes | 90.3 | 3–5×/week for 20–45 min during 70 weeks of continuous biking/walking/aerobic exercise in water at a VO2max that increased from 55%–70% | HW | 26.8 ± 6.8 (16) | 21.9 ± 5.5 (16) | 67.1 ± 8.3 (16) | 66.9 ± 7.8 (16) | 177,717 | 74 |
| Krustrup, 2010 [47] | No | 90 | 2×/week for 60 min during 16 weeks of soccer at 83% HRmax | DEXA | 25.6 ± 1.4 (21) | 24.2 ± 1.5 (21) | 42.5 ± 1.2 (21) | 43.9 ± 1.3 (21) | 16,055 | 33 |
| Krustrup, 2010 [47] | No | 92.5 | 2×/week for 60 min during 16 weeks of continuous running at 82% HRmax | DEXA | 22.0 ± 1.7 (17) | 20.9 ± 1.6 (17) | 41.6 ± 0.8 (17) | 42.9 ± 0.8 (17) | 16,055 | 50 |
| Krustrup, 2009 [48] | No | 92 | 2.3×/week for 60 min during 12 weeks of soccer at 82% HRmax | DEXA | 19.9 ± 2.4 (12) | 17.2 ± 2.1 (12) | 57.7 ± 2.2 (12) | 59.4 ±1.9 (12) | 19,783 | −13 |
| Krustrup, 2009 [48] | No | 100 | 2.5×/week for 60 min during 12 weeks of continuous running at 82% HRmax | DEXA | 20.7 ± 2.7 (10) | 19.0 ± 2.6 (10) | 61.3 ± 2.8 (10) | 61.9 ± 2.7 (10) | 21,503 | 31 |
| Lee, 2009 [49] | Yes | 100 | 3×/week for 25 min during 6 weeks of continuous running at 60% VO2max and then 4×/week for 40 min during the following 6 weeks of continuous running at 80% VO2max | HW | 12.1 ± 1.4 (9) | 11.2 ± 1.4 (9) | 61.7 ± 2.0 (9) | 62.1 ± 2.0 (9) | 18,615 | 58 |
| Moro, 2005 [50] | Yes | ≥90 | 5×/week for 45 min (mos1–2) and 60 min (months 3–4) during 17.4 weeks of continuous running/biking at 50%–85% VO2max | DEXA | 20.2 ± N/A (10) | 18.6 ± N/A (10) | 70.1 ± N/A (10) | 68.7 ± N/A (10) | 52,038 | 68 |
| Mougios, 2006 [25] | Yes | N/A | 4×/week during 13 weeks of continuous running at 72% VO2max | HW | 21.1 ± 2.9 (7) | 18.8 ± 2.3 (7) | 42.9 ± 4.7 (7) | 43.4 ± 4.7 (7) | 18,500 | −12 |
| Mougios, 2006 [25] | Yes | N/A | 4×/week during 13 weeks of continuous running/walking at 45% VO2max | HW | 23.0 ± 5.7 (7) | 20.0 ± 5.9 (7) | 45.7 ± 4.2 (7) | 45.4 ± 4.6 (7) | 18,500 | −54 |
| Nishida, 2010 [51] | Yes | 100 | 5×/week for 60 min during 12 weeks of continuous biking at a VO2max that increased from 36.8%–54.8% | HW | 9.1 ± N/A (6) | 8.9 ± N/A (6) | 57.3 ± N/A (6) | 57.6 ± N/A (6) | 25,304 | 95 |
| Nordby, 2012 [52] | Not always | 85.6 | 3.5×/week for 51.4 min during 12 weeks of continuous biking at 65% HRreserve and biking/running/rowing/elliptic machine interval at 85% HRreserve | DEXA | 28.5 ± 1.4 (12) | 20.8 ± 1.7 (12) | 66.0 ± 2.0 (12) | 67.8 ± N/A (12) | 24,205 | −186 |
| Nybo, 2010 [53] | No | N/A | 2.5×/week for 60 min during 12 weeks of continuous running at 65% VO2max | DEXA | 21.1 ± N/A (9) | 19.5 ± N/A (9) | 61.3 ± 2.8 (9) | 61.9 ± 2.7 (9) | 20,454 | 32 |
| Polak, 2006 [54] | Not always | N/A | 5×/week for 45 min during 12 weeks of continuous biking/gymnasium exercise with an increased from 50% to 60% and to 65% VO2peak every 3 weeks | DEXA | 34.3 ± N/A (25) | 30.2 ± N/A (25) | 54.2 ± N/A (25) | 53.1 ± N/A (25) | 17,965 | −120 |
| Rosenkilde, 2012 [9] | No | 99 | 6.2×/week for 30 min during 10 weeks of continuous biking/running at 66% VO2peak | DEXA | 30.0 ± 4.6 (18) | 26.0 ± N/A (18) | 63.3 ± 6.9 (18) | 63.6 ± N/A (18) | 21,105 | −76 |
| Rosenkilde, 2012 [9] | No | 96 | 6.2×/week for 55 min during 10 weeks of continuous biking/running at 67% VO2peak | DEXA | 27.4 ± 4.2 (18) | 23.6 ± N/A (18) | 64.0 ± 5.7 (18) | 65.0 ± N/A (18) | 41,139 | 17 |
| Ruby, 1996 [55] | Yes | ≥95 | 4×/week for 45 min during 10 weeks of continuous running at 70%–80% HRreserve | HW | 12.0 ± N/A (6) | 10.5 ± N/A (6) | 46.2 ± N/A (6) | 46.5 ± N/A (6) | 16,686 | 21 |
| Ruby, 1996 [55] | Yes | ≥95 | 4×/week for 45 min during 10 weeks of continuous biking at 70%–80% HRreserve | HW | 14.5 ± N/A (6) | 13.5 ± N/A (6) | 47.1 ± N/A (6) | 47.7 ± N/A (6) | 14,936 | 47 |
| Ruby, 1996 [55] | Yes | ≥95 | 4×/week for 45 min during 10 weeks of continuous biking/running at 70%–80% HRreserve | HW | 17.5 ± N/A (6) | 17.4 ± N/A (6) | 44.9 ± N/A (6) | 45.4 ± N/A (6) | 16,330 | 101 |
| Santiago, 1995 [56] | Yes | 91 | 4×/week during 38 weeks of continuous walking at 72% HRmax | HW | 18.4 ± N/A (16) | 17.0 ± N/A (16) | 46.0 ± N/A (16) | 46.4 ± N/A (16) | 52,440 | 76 |
| Sedlock, 2010 [57] | Yes | 100 | 3–4×/week for 25–40 min during 12 weeks of continuous running at a VO2max that increased from 60%–80% | HW | 12.1 ± 1.4 (9) | 11.2 ± 1.4 (9) | 61.7 ± 2.0 (9) | 62.1 ± 2.0 (9) | 16,905 | 54 |
| Sijie, 2012 [58] | Yes | N/A | 5×/week for 27 min during 12 weeks of walking (12 min)/running (15 min) interval at 50% and 85% VO2peak | DEXA | 29.9 ± N/A (17) | 24.7 ± N/A (17) | 43.8 ± N/A (17) | 42.8 ± N/A (17) | 14,385 | −248 |
| Sijie 2012 [58] | Yes | N/A | 5×/week for 40 min during 12 weeks of continuous running/walking at 50% VO2peak | DEXA | 30.5 ± N/A (16) | 27.2 ± N/A (16) | 43.7 ± N/A (16) | 42.6 ± N/A (16) | 15,003 | −114 |
| Snyder 1997 [59] | Not always | 82.6 | 5×/week for 3 × 10 min during 32 weeks of continuous walking at 52% HRreserve | HW | 36.7 ± 14.5 (13) | 37.2 ± 14.7 (13) | 50.6 ± 9.8 (13) | 49.9 ± 10.1 (13) | 19,554 | 128 |
| Suter, 1995 [60] | No | N/A 1 | 4×/week for 30 min during 26 weeks of continuous running at 75% VO2max | DEXA | 16.6 ± 6.1 (12) | 15.7 ± 6.4 (12) | 52.9 ± 6.6 (12) | 53.5 ± 6.3 (12) | 36,433 | 80 |
| Tan, 2012 [61] | Yes | ≥88 | 5×/week for 40 min during 8 weeks of continuous running at 54% VO2max | DEXA | 31.0 ± 4.6 (29) | 27.0 ± 4.0 (29) | 39.5 ± 4.9 (29) | 39.4 ± 4.4 (29) | 10,797 | −250 |
| Trapp, 2008 [62] | No | 100 | 3×/week for 20 min during 15 weeks of biking interval at 53.2% VO2peak power output | DEXA | 22.2 ± 30.0 (11) | 19.7 ± 2.6 (11) | 41.1 ± N/A (11) | 42.1 ± N/A (11) | 9915 | −119 |
| Trapp, 2008 [62] | No | 100 | 3×/week for 30 min during 15 weeks of continuous biking at 60% VO2peak | DEXA | 18.4 ± 2.2 (8) | 18.8 ± 2.1 (8) | 41.4 ± N/A (8) | 40.9 ± N/A (8) | 8,673 | 150 |
| Van Aggel-Leijssen, 2002 [63] | Yes | 89.4 | 3×/week for 57 min during 12 weeks of continuous biking at 40% VO2max | HW | 32.7 ± N/A (8) | 32.4 ± N/A (8) | 70.0 ± 9.6 (8) | 70.7 ± 8.7 (8) | 12,600 | 87 |
| Van Aggel-Leijssen, 2002 [63] | Yes | 92.6 | 3×/week for 33 min during 12 weeks of continuous biking at 70% VO2max | HW | 32.7 ± N/A (8) | 33.3 ± N/A (8) | 72.8 ± 5.4 (8) | 71.8 ± 6.7 (8) | 13,104 | 148 |
| Van Aggel-Leijssen, 2001 [64] | Yes | 81 | 3×/week for 57 min during 12 weeks of continuous biking at 40% VO2max | HW | 41.2 ± N/A (8) | 41.7 ± N/A (8) | 50.0 ± 2.4 (8) | 49.5 ± 2.7 (8) | 9000 | 162 |
| Van Aggel-Leijssen, 2001 [64] | Yes | 88 | 3×/week for 57 min during 12 weeks of continuous biking at 40% VO2max | HW | 37.1 ± N/A (7) | 37.5 ± N/A (7) | 49.4 ± 3.7 (7) | 49.6 ± 3.8 (7) | 8892 | 158 |
| Wilmore, 1980 [65] | No | 99.1 | 3×/week for 30 min during 20 weeks of continuous biking at 75% HRreserve | HW | 19.3 ± N/A (9) | 18. 0 ± N/A (9) | 66.4 ± N/A (9) | 67.4 ± N/A (9) | 23,978 | 56 |
| Wilmore, 1980 [65] | No | 93.3 | 3×/week for 30 min during 20 weeks of continuous running at 75% HRreserve | HW | 16.2 ± N/A (9) | 14.5 ± N/A (9) | 63.6 ± N/A (9) | 63.5 ± N/A (9) | 24,239 | 34 |
The values are the mean ± SD. The number in parentheses represents the number of participants tested. Notes: HRRmax, heart rate reserve maximal; HRmax, heart rate maximal; HW, hydrostatic weighing; DEXA, dual X-ray absorptiometry; BP, Bod Pod; 1 compliance minimum of 60 min/week.