Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants according to sex (N=1010)
| Characteristic | Women (n=529) | Men (n=481) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 47.9±17.3 | 46.5±17.8 | 0.20 |
| BMI (kg body wt/m2) | 24.2±4.7 | 25.9±4.2 | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 164.8±6.5 | 177.6±6.9 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 115.3±17.5 | 120.9±15.5 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | 73.6±9.6 | 77.9±9.1 | <0.001 |
| Copeptin (pmol/L) | 3.0 (2.2–4.2) | 5.2 (3.7–7.8) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 94.7±17.2 | 98.5±18.4 | 0.001 |
| Plasma sodium (mmol/L) | 140.3±2.6 | 140.3±2.5 | 0.88 |
| Estimated plasma osmolarity (mOsm/L) | 288.7±5.2 | 288.8±5.0 | 0.68 |
| Plasma triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | <0.001 |
| 24-h urine flow rate (ml/min) | 1.2 (0.8–1.5) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.17 |
| 24-h urine sodium excretion (mmol) | 117.5(88.3–150.5) | 158.2(121.6–198.4) | <0.001 |
| 24-h urine osmolality (mOsm/kg of H2O) | 417 (314–563) | 570 (430–773) | <0.001 |
| 24-h urine creatinine excretion (mg/kg of body wt) | 18.1 (14.7–20.8) | 22.1 (19.0–25.0) | <0.001 |
| 24-h urine albumin excretion (mg) | 5.8 (3.8–10.1) | 6.0 (3.7–10.6) | 0.52 |
| 24-h osmolar excretion (mOsm) | 669.4 (560.1–800.7) | 888.9 (735.7–1047.6) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension treatment (yes) | 66 (12.5) | 90 (18.7) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes (yes) | 15 (2.8) | 34 (7.1) | 0.002 |
| Smoking (yes) | 103 (19.5) | 137 (28.5) | 0.001 |
| CKD (yes) | 16 (3.0) | 16 (3.3) | 0.78 |
| Albuminuria (yes)a | 22 (4.2) | 38 (7.9) | 0.01 |
| Kidney length (mm) | 107.0±7.9 | 113.7±8.2 | <0.001 |
| Cysts | 48 (9.1) | 73 (15.2) | 0.003 |
| Number of cysts | |||
| None | 481 (90.6) | 408 (85.0) | 0.003 |
| 1 | 38 (7.2) | 47 (9.8) | |
| ≥2 | 10(1.9) | 26 (5.6) |
Continuous variables are expressed as the mean±SD or median and IQR (25th–75th percentiles) as appropriate. Categorical variables are expressed as n (%). CKD was defined as an eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2. eGFR was calculated with the CKD-EPI equation. Plasma osmolarity was calculated as 2×(Na+K). The 24-hour osmolar excretion was calculated as urine osmolality×24-hour urine volume.
a
Presence of albuminuria was defined as urinary ACR≥25 µg/mg in women and ≥17 µg/mg in men.