Table 3.
Covariate | N (%)a | Bivariate analysis
|
Multivariate analysis
|
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted Odds Ratio | 95% C.I. | p-value | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% C.I. | p-value | ||
Male | 452 (88.6) | 6.23 | 2.62–14.80 | <0.001* | 9.78* | 2.4–39.7* | 0.001* |
Female | 58 (11.4) | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
Recidivist | 339 (66.5) | 1.84 | 1.27–2.68 | 0.001* | 0.76 | 0.44–1.31 | 0.315 |
First time offender | 171 (33.5) | Ref | – | – | Ref | – | – |
Completed high school | 188 (36.9) | 0.529 | 0.82–1.73 | 0.196 | – | – | – |
Have worked abroad (in Russia or Ukraine) | 64 (12.9) | 1.10 | 0.64–1.87 | 0.736 | |||
Income below poverty line | 269 (52.7) | 0.881 | 0.61–1.27 | 0.493 | – | – | – |
Major depression | 129 (26.0) | 2.47 | 1.75–4.00 | <0.001* | 2.04* | 1.15–3.60* | 0.014* |
Anxiety disorder | 24 (4.8) | 2.33 | 1.02–5.37 | 0.046* | 0.49 | 0.14–1.69 | 0.257 |
Alcohol use disorder | 2 (10.2) | 4.42 | 2.35–8.32 | <0.001* | 3.33* | 1.46–7.59* | 0.004* |
Use in 30 days before incarceration | |||||||
Any substance use | 154 (31.0) | 13.91 | 8.75–22.11 | <0.001* | – | – | – |
Amphetamine use | 2 (0.4) | 1.60 | 0.10–25.75 | 0.740 | – | – | – |
Opioid use | 151 (30.0) | 15.69 | 9.74–25.26 | <0.001* | – | – | – |
Sedatives use | 13 (2.6) | 3.72 | 1.13–12.26 | 0.031* | – | – | – |
Reused syringe, container or needle | 65 (13.1) | 26.62 | 10.44–67.83 | <0.001* | 4.79* | 1.57–14.61* | 0.006* |
Multiple-substance use | 38 (7.5) | 0.38 | 0.19–0.74 | 0.004* | – | – | – |
Lifetime use | |||||||
Injected drugs | 161 (31.9) | 20.63 | 12.68–33.57 | <0.001* | 12.85* | 7.09–23.29* | <0.001* |
Any substance use | 169 (35.7) | 16.96 | 10.61–27.13 | <0.001* | – | – | – |
Tattoo from non-professional | 138 (73.8) | 1.97 | 1.36–2.86 | <0.001* | 1.33 | 0.81–2.18 | 0.264 |
Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) | 436.6 |
Significant difference, defined as p ≤0.05.
Percent of those reporting.