Table 4.
Mean ratings (±SE) and tests for significance for each questionnaire item across conditions in Experiment 2.
| During the audio-tactile stimulation it seemed like… | Mean ratings (±SE) and results of Friedman test |
Synchronous vs. Asynchronous (α = 0.025) |
Displacement vs. No Displacement (α = 0.025) | S–D vs. A–D (α = 0.017) |
S–D vs. S–ND (α = 0.017) |
S–D vs. A–ND (α = 0.017) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S1: …the sound I heard was caused by me |
S–D: 2.07 (0.37) A–D: 0.07 (0.67) S–ND: 2.21 (0.35) A–ND: -0.71 (0.59) |
z = 3.08 p = 0.002 |
z = 1.44 p = 0.149 |
z = 2.46 p = 0.014 |
z = 0.26 p = 0.79 |
z = 3.00 p = 0.003 |
| χ2(3) = 19.8, p < 0.001 | ||||||
| S2: …my hand was at the same location as the sound |
S–D: 1.71 (0.41) A–D: 0.5 (0.51) S–ND: -0.29 (0.61) A–ND: -1.36 (0.44) |
z = 2.56 p = 0.01 |
z = 2.77 p = 0.006 |
z = 1.7 p = 0.089 |
z = 2.25 p = 0.025 |
z = 2.96 p = 0.003 |
| χ2(3) = 12.32, p = 0.006 | ||||||
| S3: …my arm felt longer than usual |
S–D: -0.86 (0.36) A–D: -1.29 (0.34) S–ND: 0.07 (0.42) A–ND: -0.93 (0.41) |
z = 2.39 p = 0.017 |
z = 1.84 p = 0.065 |
z = 1.51 p = 0.13 |
z = 1.98 p = 0.048 |
z = 0.69 p = 0.49 |
| χ2(3) = 10.84, p = 0.013 | ||||||
| S4: …my arm felt shorter than usual |
S–D: -0.71 (0.38) A–D: -1.0 (0.38) S–ND: -1.36 (0.36) A–ND: -0.79 (0.38) |
z = 0.79 p = 0.429 |
z = 0.88 p = 0.38 |
z = 1.19 p = 0.23 |
z = 2.04 p = 0.041 |
z = 0.32 p = 0.75 |
| χ2(3) = 6.2, p = 0.102 | ||||||
| S5: …my own arm was out of my control |
S–D: -1.79 (0.39) A–D: -0.36 (0.44) S–ND: -1.29 (0.40) A–ND: -0.71 (0.50) |
z = 2.21 p = 0.027 |
z = 0.36 p = 0.720 |
z = 2.39 p = 0.017 |
z = 1.22 p = 0.22 |
z = 1.98 p = 0.048 |
| χ2(3) = 11.75, p = 0.008 | ||||||
| S6: …I couldn’t remember how long my arm was |
S–D: -1.07 (0.43) A–D: -0.93 (43) S–ND: -0.36 (0.37) A–ND: -0.93 (0.46) |
z = 0.78 p = 0.436 |
z = 1.45 p = 0.146 |
z = 0.71 p = 0.48 |
z = 1.91 p = 0.056 |
z = 0.00 p = 1.00 |
| χ2(3) = 2.77, p = 0.428 | ||||||
| S7: … I couldn’t really tell where my hand was |
S–D: -1.14 (0.40) A–D: -0.21 (0.42) S–ND: -0.64 (0.32) A–ND: -1.0 (0.44) |
z = 1.09 p = 0.278 |
z = 0.57 p = 0.57 |
z = 1.80 p = 0.072 |
z = 0.90 p = 0.365 |
z = 0.00 p = 1.00 |
| χ2(3) = 4.18, p = 0.243 | ||||||
| S8: …the experience of my arm was less vivid than normal |
S–D: -0.86 (0.40) A–D: -0.21 (0.41) S–ND: -0.43 (0.23) A–ND: -0.14 (0.49) |
z = 1.5 p = 0.134 |
z = 1.33 p = 0.185 |
z = 1.26 p = 0.21 |
z = 0.84 p = 0.40 |
z = 2.16 p = 0.031 |
| χ2(3) = 3.41, p = 0.332 |
Participants rated their level of agreement with the statements using a 7-item Likert scale (i.e., -3 to +3). Results from Friedman tests comparing all conditions are presented in the second column. In addition, in the other columns planned pairwise comparisons with correction for multiple comparisons (α is indicated in the column header) are presented. Significant differences between conditions are marked in bold font. Differences between conditions indicate changes as a result of the auditory manipulation. S–D, Synchronous – Displacement; S–ND, Synchronous – No Displacement; A–D, Asynchronous – Displacement; A–ND, Asynchronous – No Displacement.