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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Spectrosc (Hindawi). 2015 Jan 1;2015:659473. doi: 10.1155/2015/659473

Table 1.

Stages of fracture healing in areas of endochondral bone formation as related to the different time points investigated by FT-IRI in the mouse. Intramembranous bone formation directly results in woven bone and hard callus without prior cartilage formation (stage 1 is excluded since this stage the fracture callus is an amorphous hematoma).

Stage 1 inflammation Stage 2 soft callus Stage 3 hard callus Stage 4 remodeling
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Time Before week 1 Weeks 1 and 2 Week 2 and 4 Weeks 4 and 8
Predominant cell type Inflammatory cells, platelets, macrophages Chondrocytes, fibroblast, mesenchymal progenitors Osteoblasts, “chondroclasts” Osteoclast, osteoblast
Matrix Hematoma, granulation tissue ECM proteins (collagen II, Collagen X) mineralized bone matrix, collagen I, woven bone Lamellar bone, cortical and trabecular structure
Fracture healing processes Reorganization migration of MSCs Endochondral ossification, matrix mineralization Vascular invasion, replacement of cartilage by bone Bone and matrix degradation, new bone formation