Table 3.
Multivariate risk model with adjusted odds ratios and 95% CI
| Risk factors | Exp (B) | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Education level | 0.000 | ||
| Junior high school and lower | 1.00 | Reference | — |
| High school | 0.307 | 0.211–0.446 | 0.000 |
| Greater than high school | 0.195 | 0.134–0.284 | 0.000 |
| Smoking (pack-years) | 1.032 | 1.023–1.041 | 0.000 |
| Occupational exposure to pesticide | |||
| Absent | 1.00 | Reference | — |
| Present | 1.700 | 1.024–2.824 | 0.040 |
| Exposure to gasoline /diesel | |||
| Absent | 1.00 | Reference | — |
| Present | 5.065 | 1.430–17.945 | 0.012 |
| Cooking smoke (total dish-years) | 0.004 | ||
| ≤50 | 1.00 | Reference | — |
| 51–100 | 1.417 | 0.998–2.011 | 0.869 |
| 101–150 | 0.962 | 0.610–1.519 | 0.006 |
| >150 | 2.511 | 1.301–4.846 | 0.026 |
| COPD history | |||
| Absent | 1.00 | Reference | — |
| Present | 4.162 | 1.950–8.883 | 0.000 |
| Pneumonia history | |||
| Present | 1.00 | Reference | — |
| Absent | 0.369 | 0.151–0.902 | 0.029 |
| Cancer family history | |||
| Absent | 1.00 | Reference | — |
| Present | 2.024 | 1.442–2.842 | 0.000 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.000 | ||
| <18.5 | 1.00 | Reference | |
| 18.5–24 | 0.426 | 0.215–0.843 | 0.014 |
| ≥24 | 0.215 | 0.107–0.432 | 0.000 |
| rs2279744 | |||
| T/T + G/T | 1.00 | Reference | — |
| G/G | 1.475 | 1.153–1.887 | 0.002 |
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.