Table 2.

Factors associated with progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in people living with chronic hepatitis B

Viral factors	High levels of HBV replication
	Coinfection with hepatitis C, hepatitis D, or HIV
	Genotype (C > B)
Host factors	Age >40 years and/or longer duration of infection
	Male sex
	Presence of cirrhosis (for development of HCC)
	Race (African, Asian)
	Family history of HCC
Other factors	Heavy alcohol consumption
	Aflatoxin exposure
	Tobacco

Adapted from data in Fattovich et al. (2008), Lok and McMahon (2009), El-Serag (2012), and Trépo et al. (2014).