Table 1.
Percentages of children who engaged in any kind of child labor and schooling by country, odds ratios, predicted probabilities, and difference in predicted probabilities for the main effect of child labor predicting school enrollment
| Country | n | no labor, no school | no labor, school | labor, no school | labor, school | child labor OR | Predict. Prob.b | Diff. prob.c. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bangladesh | 36162 | 10.0 | 74.8 | 6.4 | 8.7 | .22*** | .53 | −.43 |
| Burundi | 4875 | 16.0 | 63.7 | 8.2 | 12.1 | .38*** | .54 | −.35 |
| Cameroon | 4792 | 9.3 | 54.5 | 6.0 | 30.1 | 1.00 | .85 | .00 |
| Central African Republic | 5489 | 18.6 | 30.6 | 22.2 | 28.6 | .90 | .57 | −.05 |
| Côte d’Ivoire | 5923 | 19.5 | 39.4 | 20.3 | 20.8 | .58*** | .47 | −.26 |
| Djibouti | 2447 | 21.4 | 71.8 | 1.4 | 5.4 | 1.15 | .80 | .05 |
| Gambia | 5261 | 18.8 | 52.8 | 9.8 | 18.7 | 1.21** | .75 | .08 |
| Georgia | 3262 | 1.0 | 80.0 | 0.2 | 18.8 | -- | -- | -- |
| Ghana | 3158 | 7.8 | 52.8 | 9.7 | 29.6 | .60*** | .74 | −.15 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 4507 | 17.6 | 41.0 | 14.7 | 26.7 | 1.04 | .69 | .02 |
| Guyana | 2476 | 2.7 | 77.3 | 0.8 | 19.2 | .68 | .95 | −.03 |
| Iraq | 10510 | 14.5 | 75.0 | 3.5 | 7.0 | .39*** | .64 | −.28 |
| Jamaica | 1746 | 0.5 | 93.8 | 0.1 | 5.6 | -- | -- | -- |
| Kyrgyzstan | 2652 | 2.8 | 94.1 | 0.2 | 2.9 | -- | -- | -- |
| Laos | 3965 | 16.8 | 69.9 | 3.9 | 9.5 | .62*** | .70 | −.16 |
| Mauritania | 6413 | 18.7 | 63.7 | 5.8 | 11.7 | .71*** | .68 | −.13 |
| Mongolia | 3086 | 2.9 | 77.6 | 1.2 | 18.3 | .61* | .94 | −.04 |
| Mozambique | 8095 | 12.1 | 63.2 | 4.4 | 20.3 | .93 | .83 | −.02 |
| Nigeria | 15094 | 24.5 | 44.5 | 11.2 | 19.8 | 1.15*** | .67 | .06 |
| Sierra Leone | 4714 | 10.8 | 41.6 | 14.7 | 32.9 | .64*** | .65 | −.17 |
| Somalia | 3458 | 14.4 | 28.2 | 29.5 | 28.0 | .51*** | .40 | −.32 |
| Suriname | 2227 | 3.6 | 91.9 | 0.9 | 3.6 | -- | -- | -- |
| Syria | 10252 | 7.2 | 88.5 | 1.9 | 2.5 | .15*** | .60 | −.38 |
| Tajikistan | 4472 | 6.6 | 80.4 | 0.8 | 12.3 | 1.00 | .93 | .00 |
| Thailand | 14257 | 1.1 | 89.1 | 0.5 | 9.3 | .25*** | .94 | −.06 |
| Togo | 3990 | 15.1 | 52.4 | 10.2 | 22.3 | .68*** | .67 | −.15 |
| Ukraine | 1424 | 0.4 | 88.8 | 0.1 | 10.7 | -- | -- | -- |
| Uzbekistan | 5562 | 2.2 | 94.7 | 0.1 | 3.1 | -- | -- | -- |
| Vietnam | 3970 | 2.6 | 77.6 | 2.7 | 17.1 | .37*** | .87 | −.11 |
| Yemen | 2556 | 18.4 | 54.5 | 9.4 | 17.7 | .61*** | .61 | −.20 |
|
| ||||||||
| TOTAL | 186795 | 12.4 | 65.2 | 7.5 | 15.0 | .55***a | .69a | −.19 a |
Note. OR = Odds Ratio.
-- = Statistics were not computed because there were <5 cases expected in more than one cell in the contingency table between labor and school enrollment by gender (Rosner, 1995).
p ≤ .05.
p ≤ .01.
p ≤ .001.
Excluding countries with no statistics above.
Predicted probability of being enrolled in school if engaging in child labor, controlling for child gender and age, and caregiver education.
Difference in the predicted probabilities of being enrolled in school if not engaging in child labor and if engaging in child labor, controlling for child gender and age, and caregiver education.