Table 2.

The behaviours produced by Neolamprologus pulcher in the current study. (This ethogram is based on extensive laboratory and field observations, and adapted from Sopinka et al. [52] and Hick et al. [49].)

context	behaviour	description
overt aggression	chase	focal fish quickly darts towards another fish
	ram	focal fish makes contact with another fish using the head or mouth region, but no obvious bite is taken and jaws remain closed
	bite	focal fish bites another fish
restrained aggression	aggressive posture	focal fish lowers its head and raises its tail in front of its opponent. Unpaired fins are held erect
	frontal displays	also called a puffed throat or an opercular flare. Focal fish extends out its opercula and lower jaw. Often associated with a posture where the head is pointed downwards
submission	submissive posture	the head of the focal fish is directed upwards, sometimes the body is held entirely vertical, and the tail is downwards
	submissive display	focal fish is positioned with a submissive posture accompanied by a quivering tail. Sometimes the entire body quivers
	hook display	also known as a J-display. Focal fish swims towards another fish, and then turns sharply away at the last moment and quivers
affiliation	following	focal fish follows another closely
	parallel swim	both fish swim upwards together in a parallel fashion in close proximity
	soft touch	focal fish nips or softly contacts another individual