Table 3. Factors associated with drinking water source among controls in the Golestan Gastric Cancer Case-Control Study.
| Current water source | Chlorinated | Chlorinated | Unchlorinated | Unchlorinated | Unchlorinated | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Piped water (N = 511, 84.5%) | Well (N = 27, 4.5%) | Well (N = 11, 1.8%) | Surface (N = 10,1.7%) | Cistern (N = 46,7.6%) | p-value* | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 63.7 (9.4) | 63.7 (6.4) | 59.8 (6.8) | 65.7 (9.5) | 63.1 (9.02) | 0.64 |
| Gender, N (%) | 0.58 | |||||
| Female | 144 (86.2) | 9 (5.4) | 2 (1.2) | 1 (0.6) | 11 (6.6) | |
| Male | 367 (83.8) | 18 (4.1) | 9 (2.1) | 9 (2.1) | 35 (8.0) | |
| Ethnicity, N (row %) | 0.00 | |||||
| Turkmen | 280 (76.1) | 27 (7.3) | 5 (1.4) | 10 (2.7) | 46 (12.5) | |
| Other | 231 (97.5) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Marital status, N (%) | 0.95 | |||||
| single | 3 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| married | 442 (84.8) | 19 (3.7) | 10 (1.9) | 9 (1.7) | 41 (7.9) | |
| widow | 64 (81.0) | 8 (10.1) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.3) | 5 (6.3) | |
| divorced | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Education (N, %) | 0.14 | |||||
| No formal education | 370 (83.5) | 22 (5.0) | 6 (1.4) | 10 (2.3) | 35 (7.9) | |
| Some education | 141 (87.0) | 5 (3.1) | 5(3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (6.8) | |
| Head of household education (N, %) | 0.12 | |||||
| No formal education | 310 (83.6) | 15 (4.0) | 6 (1.6) | 10 (2.7) | 30 (8.1) | |
| Some education | 201(85.9) | 12 (5.1) | 5 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (6.8) | |
| Place of birth (N, %) | 0.01 | |||||
| Rural | 426 (82.2) | 27 (5.2) | 10 (1.9) | 10 (1.9) | 45 (8.7) | |
| Urban | 84 (97.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | |
| Place of residence (N, %) | 0.00 | |||||
| Rural | 321 (77.5) | 27 (6.5) | 11 (2.6) | 10 (2.4) | 45 (10.9) | |
| Urban | 190 (99.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Home ownership (N, %) | 495 (84.5) | 27 (4.6) | 9 (1.5) | 10 (1.7) | 45 (7.7) | 0.08 |
| Home size, mean (m2) (SD) | 108.2 (54.8) | 88.3 (34.1) | 90.4 (25.1) | 83.5 (22.6) | 100.3 (25.7) | 0.11 |
| Wealth score | 0.00 | |||||
| First quintile | 108 (77.1) | 14 (10.0) | 6 (4.3) | 4 (2.9) | 8 (5.7) | |
| Second quintile | 99 (83.2) | 6 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (5.0) | 8 (6.7) | |
| Third quintile | 94 (87.0) | 2 (1.9) | 4 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (7.4) | |
| Fourth quintile | 106 (88.3) | 4 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (8.3) | |
| Fifth quintile | 104 (88.1) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (10.2) | |
| Total vegetable consumption (g/day), mean (SD) | 190.9 (102.5) | 145.5 (88.3) | 186.1 (62.0) | 150.4 (74.7) | 160.7 (77.5) | 0.04 |
| H. pylori seropositivity (N, %) | 390 (84.4) | 5 (71.4) | 8 (88.9) | 7 (77.8) | 31 (77.5) | 0.65 |
Note: H. pylori infection data was missing for 78 controls.
*P-values from Student’s t test (continuous variables) or Pearson’s chi squared test (categorical variables).