Table 2.

Differences Between Spousal, Adult Child, and Child-in-Law Caregivers

	Spouses versus adult children					Spouses versus children-in-law					Children versus children-in-law
	K	N	d	95% CI	Q	k	N	d	95% CI	Q	k	N	d	95% CI	Q
Sociodemographic variables
Caregiver age	52	18,033	1.54c	1.44 to 1.70	619.42c	6	1,824	1.62c	1.16 to 2.08	50.39c	9	4,532	.00	−.08 to .09	8.76
Care recipient age	19	8,271	−.76c	−.89 to −.64	83.56c	4	1,549	−.91c	−1.06 to −.76	1.84	10	3,491	−.14	−.32 to .05	47.97c
Caregiver: Women	87	38,719	−.36c	−.44 to −.28	934.79c	22	6,548	−.55c	−.72 to −.38	150.70c	28	10,613	−.45c	−.64 to −.26	399.32c
Being married	26	10,808	1.09c	.84 to 1.33	672.11c	4	1,537	.74	−.21 to 1.69	93.71c	5	3,731	−.86c	−1.26 to −.45	48.73c
Coresidence	28	13,940	1.53c	1.29 to 1.77	861.35c	1	454	1.09c	.87 to 1.30		3	1,452	−.26	−.70 to .23	16.95c
Caregiver employed	32	13,129	−.85c	−.97 to −.73	277.64c	4	1,216	−.68c	−.84 to −.51	5.44	8	4.247	−.04	−.12 to .04	3.19
Education	35	11,003	−.51c	−.62 to −.41	167.01c	6	1,926	−.34b	−.59 to −.10	21.01c	9	2,741	.21a	.01 to .41	40.96c
Income	14	7,542	−.32c	−.46 to −.18	68.74c	4	1,333	−.31	−.98 to .37	50.28c	6	1,849	−.05	−.27 to .18	14.44a
Ethnic minority	32	21,794	−.36c	−.44 to −.28	243.96c	6	1,596	−.40b	−.18 to −.62	53.67c	3	1,398	−.09	−.32 to .14	17.31c
Resources
Informal support use	28	8,531	−.17b	−.26 to −.07	123.05c	7	1,904	−.14	−.30 to .03	10.73	7	2,144	−.10	−.21 to .01	4.72
Formal support use	21	8,696	−.05	−.18 to .08	163.87c	3	1,224	−.08	−.23 to .08	0.12	3	1,517	.09	−.06 to .24	0.72
Relationship quality	5	1,594	−.05	−.28 to .17	12.00a	0					5	770	.71c	.36 to 1.05	16.27b
Physical health	48	18,291	−.31c	−.36 to −.26	160.09c	8	2,506	−.36c	−.53 to −.18	9.78b	10	2,909	−.08	−.21 to .06	19.01a
Instrumental coping	7	1,069	−.14a	−.27 to −.02	8.12	0					0
Cognitive coping	6	1,300	.02	−.15 to .18	9.46	0					0
Emotionally focused coping	8	2,025	−.22a	−.41 to −.02	25.19c	0					0
Stressors
Physical deficits of CR	33	18,998	−.03	−.09 to .03	68.66c	7	2,209	−.13	−.35 to .09	23.43c	11	4,201	−.00	−.13 to .12	25.04b
Cognitive deficits of CR	24	9,869	−.02	−.11 to .06	49.94c	4	1,195	.04	−.14 to .21	11.45a	5	1,700	.01	−.12 to .15	1.02
Behavioral problems of CR	28	14,826	−.11c	−.17 to −.06	48.83b	5	1,402	−.24c	−.38 to −.10	2.11	6	2,633	−.13	−.33 to .06	16.81b
Hours of care	26	14,911	.72c	.58 to .89	284.76c	6	2,604	.67c	.37 to .98	37.15c	11	5,890	.02	−.16 to .20	64.95c
No. caregiving tasks	18	10,923	.20b	.05 to .34	187.13c	5	2,458	.31	−.18 to .79	67.05c	8	6,477	.02	−.05 to .09	9.23
Years caregiving	26	10,040	.09a	.01 to .18	82.05c	4	1,319	.14	−.00 to .28	2.96	4	1,632	.01	−.21 to .24	6.94
Psychological distress
Burden	94	29,493	.05	−.01 to .10	378.28c	17	3,918	.10	−.03 to .24	57.31c	21	7,756	−.06	−.19 to .07	123.47c
Emotional burden	12	5,595	.13	−.03 to .28	74.73c	3	1,083	.19	−.07 to .46	5.38	3	1,484	.05	−.10 to .20	5.87
Physical strain	9	2,459	.39c	.14 to .64	17.31c	2	620	.47c	.27 to .67	0.01	2	1,018	.05	−.57 to .67	8.45b
Financial strain	5	3,076	.32c	.14 to .49	17.43c	4	1,597	.48c	.18 to .79	17.42c	4	2,114	−.00	−.35 to .35	25.80c
Relationship strain	11	2,959	.18a	.01 to .34	40.37c	2	558	.50a	.05 to .96	3.91a	2	581	−.12	−.99 to .76	16.08c
Social strain	13	3,474	.07	−.12 to .26	74.09c	3	1,672	.32c	.17 to .46	4.13	3	1,211	−.19	−.57 to .19	13.50b
Job strain	2	1,637	−.05	−.28 to .18	5.38a	2	977	−.11	−1.12 to .89	42.31c	2	1,096	.26c	.11 to .41	0.56
Depression	42	14,402	.25c	.21 to .28	158.35c	10	1,247	.39c	.08 to .70	25.95b	10	1,622	.24a	.06 to .42	14.21
Well-being	19	6,857	−.15b	−.26 to −.03	67.30c	8	2,136	−.26a	−.48 to −.03	29.99c	7	2,793	−.02	−.21 to .18	20.75c
Uplifts	14	6,505	−.06	−.19 to .08	85.22c	5	1,917	.16	−.06 to .38	29.29c	5	2,181	.24c	.14 to .35	8.86

Note. Values of d > 0 indicate higher levels of the variable in the former group. K = number of studies; N = summed-up sample size; d = effect size; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; Q = homogeneity statistics (significant values indicate heterogeneity of effect size); CR = care recipient.

^ap < .05.

^bp < .01.

^cp < .001.