Table 3. Associations between meditation practice, demographic characteristics, behavioral risk factors, and work engagement: Results from the hierarchical regression analysis (740 males and 730 females).
Variables | Pearson R | Standardized coefficient (β) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | ||||||
1 | Meditation practice | ||||||||
Frequency of practice a | 0.112 | *** | 0.112 | *** | 0.106 | *** | 0.086 | *** | |
2 | Demographic characteristics | ||||||||
Gender b | 0.004 | 0.032 | 0.044 | ||||||
Age (years) | 0.086 | *** | 0.070 | ** | 0.075 | ** | |||
Education c | 0.114 | *** | 0.078 | ** | 0.084 | ** | |||
Household income d | 0.163 | *** | 0.119 | *** | 0.115 | *** | |||
Marital status e | 0.081 | ** | 0.024 | 0.020 | |||||
Stress responses | -0.103 | *** | -0.081 | ** | -0.068 | * | |||
3 | Behavioral risk factors | ||||||||
Body mass index | -0.026 | -0.009 | |||||||
Physical activity at work f | 0.046 | 0.076 | ** | ||||||
Physical activity at leisure time g | 0.158 | *** | 0.101 | *** | |||||
Sleep hours | 0.025 | 0.025 | |||||||
Sleep sufficiency h | 0.061 | * | 0.011 | ||||||
R 2 | 0.013 | 0.056 | 0.074 | ||||||
Adjusted R 2 | 0.012 | 0.052 | 0.067 | ||||||
Δ R 2 | 0.013 | *** | 0.044 | *** | 0.018 | *** |
*: P < 0.05,
**: P < 0.01,
***: P < 0.001.
a Not currently practicing = 1, Less than one day in two weeks = 2, Once a week or more = 3, Daily or more = 4.
b Male = 1, Female = 2.
c Elementary school/junior high school = 1, High school/vocational school = 2, Junior college/technical college = 3, University = 4, Graduate school = 5.
d Less than 2 million = 1, 2–5 million = 2, 5–7 million = 3, 7–10 million = 4, 10–15 million = 5, More than 15 million = 6 (JPY).
e Never married/Divorced/Widowed = 1, Married/Common-law marriage = 2.
f Very light = 1, Light = 2, Moderate = 3, Heavy = 4.
g Very light = 1, Light = 2, Moderate = 3, Active = 4, Very active = 5.
h Very insufficient = 1, Insufficient = 2, Sufficient = 3, Very sufficient = 4.