Table 1. Characteristics of participants. Data expressed as mean (SD) or frequency (%).
| Parameter | Category | Clean fuel users | Biomass fuel users | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 5,675 | n = 7,107 | |||
| Age, in years | — | 23.7 (2.9) | 23.4 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| BMI, in kg/m2 | — | 20.2 (2.8) | 19.4 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Education | No formal schooling | 95 (2%) | 227 (3%) | |
| Primary | 811 (14%) | 1,286 (18%) | ||
| Secondary | 3,199 (56%) | 4,451 (63%) | ||
| University/ college | 1,570 (28%) | 1,143 (16%) | <0.001 | |
| Exposure to household tobacco smoke | Never | 3,487 (61%) | 3,842 (54%) | |
| Less than monthly | 569 (10%) | 495 (7.0%) | ||
| Monthly | 280 (4.9%) | 303 (4.3%) | ||
| Weekly | 365 (6.4%) | 551 (7.8%) | ||
| Daily | 974 (17%) | 1916 (27%) | <0.001 | |
| Parity, n | 0 | 2,895 (51%) | 3,301 (46%) | |
| 1 | 2,207 (39%) | 2,830 (40%) | ||
| 2 | 469 (8%) | 742 (10%) | ||
| 3+ | 104 (2%) | 234 (3%) | <0.001 | |
| Trimester | 1st | 1,961 (35%) | 2,584 (36%) | |
| 2nd | 2,485 (44%) | 3,049 (43%) | ||
| 3rd | 1,229 (22%) | 1,474 (21%) | 0.095 | |
| Prenatal iron and folate supplements | Yes | 5,533 (98%) | 6,915 (97%) | |
| No | 142 (2.5%) | 192 (2.7%) | 0.483 | |
Trimester refers to the time when hemoglobin was measured.
Abbreviations: SD = standard deviation, BMI = body mass index.