Figure 1.

A plumbing model illustrate the understanding of the Warburg effect in (A) normal quiescent cells; (B) normal proliferating cells and (C) cancer Cells. Glucose metabolic transiently shifting from (A) and (B) represents the homeostasis of mitochondrial bioredox coupling with bioenergetics in normal proliferating cells. However, cancer cells have excessive ROS as well as sustained glycolysis and reduced OXPHOS, owing to the alteration of mitochondrial bioredox derived from reprogramming of bioenergetics from mutation.