Table 3.
Reported risk factors for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma, with magnitudes of association represented as odds ratios (ORs)
| Risk Factor | Study, yr | Total n | Study type | Comparison Group(s) | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptomatic GERD | Lagergren, 199981 | 1271 | Case-control | Population controls, asymptomatic | 43.5a (18.3, 103.5) |
| Lagergren, 199981 | 1271 | Case-control | Population controls, asymptomatic | 7.7 (5.3, 11.4) | |
| Whiteman, 200882 | 2373 | Case-control | Population controls, GERD <once weekly | 6.4 (4.5, 9.0) | |
| Cook, 201483 | 6414 | Pooled analysis | Population controls without recurrent heartburn | 4.6 (3.3, 6.6) | |
| Male gender | Nordenstedt, 201170 | 9052 | Prospective cohort | Females within 13 SEER registries | 8.6b |
| Cook, 200971 | 8783 | Prospective cohort | Females within 13 SEER registries | 7.7b | |
| Hur, 201372 | n/a | Prospective cohort | Females within SEER registries | 7.2b | |
| Caucasican race | Cook, 200971 | 8783 | Prospective cohort | African Americans | 4.6c |
| Nordenstedt, 201170 | 9052 | Prospective cohort | African Americans | 5.4c | |
| Nordenstedt, 201170 | 9052 | Prospective cohort | Hispanics | 2.2c | |
| Obesity (BMI) | Chow, 199886 | 1284 | Case-control | Lowest quartile of BMI | 3.0d (1.7, 5.0) |
| Hoyo, 201289 | 12378 | Pooled analysis | Lowest category of BMI | 2.8 (1.9, 4.1) | |
| Steffen, 200991 | 346, 354 | Prospective cohort | Lowest quintile of BMI | 2.8 (1.3, 5.9) | |
| Obesity (central adiposity) | Steffen, 200991 | 346, 354 | Prospective cohort | Lowest quintile of waist circumference | 3.4 (1.5, 7.7) |
| Singh, 201392 | 841 | Meta-analysis | Lowest category of waist circumference | 2.0 (1.5, 2.6) | |
| Tobacco use | Cook, 201093 | 10993 | Pooled analysis | Never smokers | 2.0 (1.6, 2.3) |
| Lagergren, 200094 | 1009 | Case-control | Never smokers | 1.6 (0.9, 2.7) | |
| Helicobacter pylori | Chow, 199857 | 353 | Case-control | Population controls | 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) |
| De Martel, 2005100 | 200 | Nested case-control | Ambulatory patients | 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) | |
| NSAIDs | Corley, 2003103 | 442 | Meta-analysis | Variede | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) |
| Abnet, 2009161 | n/a | Meta-analysis | Non-users of NSAIDsf | 0.65 (0.5, 0.9) | |
a
Severe GERD symptoms
b
Caucasian females; incidence rate ratios (IRR); no CIs available
c
incidence rate ratios (IRR); no Cis available
d
Males only
e
Included studies compared to no NSAID use, no ASA use, no ASA use for 1 mo, or no daily ASA use for >1 mo.
f
Precise comparison groups not available