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. 2015 May 12;11:39. doi: 10.1186/s13002-015-0023-5

Table 1.

Medicinal plant used in the study area

Botanical taxon, family and voucher specimen code Status Folk name(s) a Part(s) used Administration Treated disease(s) or folk medical uses(s) Alb N uc b Bo/Go N uc b Tur N uc b UV Alb c UV Bo/Go c UV Tur c Q d
Abies alba Mill. (Pinaceae) 14/Pz/2013 W BredhiALB Wood Resin, mixed with fat Anti-fungal 2 0 0 0.033 0 0 I
Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Rosaceae) 08/Pz/2013 W PetrovacBOG Aerial parts Infusion Anti-allergic, 0 3 1 0 0.219 0.065 I
Kezell japrakTUR Earache, 0 1 0
Anti-inflammatory, 0 2 2
Anti-diarrheal 0 1 0
Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. (Poaceae) 07/Pz/2013 W Bari i magaritALB Aerial parts Infusion Anti-hemorrhoidal, 2 0 0 0.049 0.125 0.065 I
PriovinaALB Respiratory system disorders, 0 3 0
PriovinaBOG
Urinary tract disorders 1 1 0
Alchemilla vulgaris L. (Rosaceae) 05/Pz/2013 E AlhemılaALB Aerial parts Infusion Improve fertility in women 2 0 0 0.033 0 0 I
Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae) 03/Pz/2013 W BarëpezmatimiALB Aerial parts Infusion Anti-cholesterolemic, 0 4 0 0.557 2.656 0.652 I
Hajdutska travaBOG Anti-coagulant, 3 6 0
Hajdut otiTUR Appetizing, 5 3 6
Anti-microbial, 12 28 8
Antiemetic, 2 0 0
Carminative and spasmolytic, 7 31 11
Anti-diabetic, 0 4 1
Antacid, 0 1 0
Menstrual pains, 0 1 0
Influenza, 2 5 3
Stomachache 3 2 1
Allium cepa L. (Amaryllidaceae) 11/Pz/2013 C KepaALB Bulbs Eaten raw, Anti-cholesterolemic 3 7 1 0.656 1.125 0.5 I
Cerveni lukBOG Topically in wound Anti-bacterial 37 29 22
KepiTUR
Allium porrum L. (Amaryllidaceae) 09/Pz/2013 C PurriALB Leaves Eaten Thyroid disorders 2 4 0 0.033 0.125 0 I
PrazıllukBOG
Allium sativum L. (Amaryllidaceae) 10/Pz/2013 C HudraALB Bulbs Eaten Anti-hypertensive, 16 24 11 1.361 3.188 1.63 II
Beli llukBOG SarimsakTUR Anti-fungal, 11 8 3
Anti-ageing, 0 3 5
Urinary tract infections, 2 5 3
Anti-hypertensive, 18 14 12
Bronchitis
12 6 8
Mixed with honey Bronchitis, 14 7 7
Anti-tussive, 2 8 3
Skeletal system enhancement, 0 2 2
Immunostimulant, 0 5 3
Anti-anemic, 0 2 1
Respiratory system disorders, 8 17 13
Skin regeneration 0 1 4
Althaea officinalis L. (Malvaceae) W MullagaALB Flowers Infusion Anti-tussive/expectorant 12 18 9 0.197 0.563 0.196 I
Beli slezBOG
Gul hatemTUR
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. (Xanthorrhoeaceae) 06/Pz/2013 C AloaALB Leaves Eaten fresh with honey Anti-tumor 3 0 0 0.049 0 0 I
Amanita caesarea (Scop.) Pers. (Amanitaceae) W KërpurdhaALB Fruiting body Topically applied Skin infections 2 0 0 0.033 0 0 I
Apium graveolens L. (Apiaceae) 12/Pz/2013 C KerevizTUR Aerial parts Infusion To treat sterility 0 0 2 0 0 0.109 I
Roots Infusion Diuretic, appetizing 0 0 3
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (Ericaceae) 02/Pz/2013 W Çaj uvinALB Leaves Infusion Urinary tract infections 12 16 0 0.344 1 0 I
Rrush arusheALB Aerial parts Infusion Urinary tract infections and pains 9 16 0
Medvegje ushiBOG
Artemisia absinthium L. (Asteraceae) 01/Pz/2013 W FshisaALB Leaves Infusion Anti-anemic, Anti-malarial 2 3 0 0.377 1.25 0 I
PeliniALB 0 2 0
Divli pelinBOG Aerial parts Infusion Anti-diabetic, 0 2 0
Appetizing, 4 5 0
Improve hormonal balance in women, 0 2 0
Anti-parasitic, 1 1 0
Relaxant, stomachache 12 16 0
Fruits Infusion Lithontriptic, 0 1 0
Anti-asthmatic, 2 3 0
Anti-diabetic
2 5 0
Avena sativa L. (Poaceae) 15/Pz/2013 C TheknaALB Aerial parts Infusion Skeletal system enhancement 2 0 4 0.033 0 0.087 I
Jullaf TUR
Betula alba L. (Betulaceae) 16/Pz/2013 W MështeknaALB Infusion Diuretic, 0 1 0 0.164 0.563 0.217 I
Plep i bardhëALB Edema, 0 2 2
BrezaBOG Urinary disorders 2 4 2
Hush agagjiTUR Infusion used for hair wash Alopecia 8 11 6
Brassica rapa L. (Brassicaceae) C RrepaALB ShalgamTUR Taproot Eaten Eye disorders, Immunostimulant 4 0 3 0.066 0 0.065 I
Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) 27/Pz/2013 C Lule dukatiALB NevenBOG Aerial parts Extracted with different oils Anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, 0 14 0 0 0.938 0 I
Vulnerary for burn wounds and sunburns 0 16 0
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Brassicaceae) 28/Pz/2013 C Më do s’më donALB TarqushakBOG Aerial parts Infusion Anticoagulant 2 5 0 0.033 0.156 0 I
HoqunequBOG
Castanea sativa Mill. (Fagaceae) 19/Pz/2013 W/C GështajaALB Flowers Infusion Anti-anemic, 3 0 0 0.131 0 0 I
Bronchitis, 2 0 0
Anti-tussive 2 0 0
Cortex Infusion Anti-tussive 1 0 0
Centaurium erythraea Rafn (Gentianaceae) 29/Pz/2013 W Kantarioni i kuqALB Aerial parts Infusion Anticoagulant, 0 2 0 0.426 1.063 0.391 I
Bari i etheveALB Anti-pyretic, 13 18 9
KicicaBOG Anti-malarial, 9 12 6
Appetizing, 2 1 0
Anti-anemic, 0 1 0
Antacid, 0 0 1
Immunostimulant 2 0 2
Centaurea cyanus L. (Asteraceae) 20/Pz/2013 W KokoçeliALB Flower Infusion Respiratory disorders 3 1 0 0.049 0.031 0 I
KicicaBOG
Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert (Asteraceae) 43/Pz/2013 W Lule qeniALB Aerial parts Infusion Antimicrobial, 31 37 25 3.115 5.5 2.543 VI
KamomilALB Infections of the digestive tract, 12 10 0
KamilicaBOG Urinary tract infections, 20 6 13
Eye infections 11 8 2
BabunecBOG 25 15 17
PapatjaTUR
Sari çiçekTUR
Flowers Infusion Anti-tussive, 14 26 22
Anti-bacterial, 31 35 12
Influenza, 11 9 9
Oral cavity infections, 9 3 4
Anti-hemorrhoidal, 1 0 7
Alopecia, 2 0 0
Wound healing, 20 23 6
Relaxant 3 4 0
Chelidonium majus L. (Papaveraceae) 30/Pz/2013 W TamelqakALB Latex Topically used Skin infections, warts 11 0 7 0.18 0 0.152 I
Kena qıqegıTUR
Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) 21/Pz/2013 W CikorjaSHQ Aerial parts Infusion Hepatic disorders 2 0 4 0.033 0 0.087 I
Mavi çiçekTUR
Satali bitki TUR
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) 31/Pz/2013 C LimunBOG Fruits Lemon juice mixed with sugar Anti-tussive, bronchitis 0 6 3 0 0.188 0.065 I
LimonTUR
Cornus mas L. (Cornaceae) 23/Pz/2013 W ThanaALB Fruits Infusion Anti-anemic, 0 5 1 0.148 0.656 0.304 I
DreniljeBOG Anti-hypertensive, 5 3 6
DirninaTUR Anti-diarrheal, 0 4 2
Anti-malarial, 1 1
Anti-emetic in early stage of 2
pregnancy (for morning sickness), 5 2
Improve immunity, 2
Anti-hemorrhoidal 0 2 1
1 1
Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae) 24/Pz/2013 W LejthıALB Leaves Infusion Anti-tussive, 0 2 1 0 0.18 0.022 I
Adi findikTUR Antacid, 0 3 0
Hepatic disorders 0 1 0
Cotinus coggygria Scop. (Anacardiaceae) 64/Pz/2013 W RujTUR Leaves Infusion Stomach disorders, 0 0 2 0 0 0.174 I
Boyaci sumakTUR Kidney disorders, 0 0 1
Anti-diarrheal 0 0 4
Fruits Infusion Anti-diarrheal 0 0 1
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (Rosaceae) 18/Pz/2013 05/Pz/11 W MurriziALB Fruits Infusion Improve blood circulation, 27 21 18 1.279 2.406 1.174 I
GllogBOG Anti-hypertensive, 22 20 12
Adi aliçTUR Neurorelaxant 2 6 1
Leaves and flowers Infusion Anti-hypertensive, 12 20 12
Anti-diabetic, 2 6 2
Anti-cholesterolemic 13 4 9
Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae) 26/Pz/2013 C KastravecALB Fruits and seeds Eaten fresh Kidney disorders, 4 3 0 0.131 0.375 0 I
KastravacBOG Improve blood circulation, 3 7 0
Improve skin vitality, 1 1 0
Eye disorders 0 1 0
Cucumis melo L. (Cucurbitaceae) 25/Pz/2013 C PjepniALB Fruits Eaten fresh Infection of digestive system 4 0 0 0.066 0 0 I
Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae) C FtuaALB Leaves Infusion Anti-diarrheal 7 4 0 0.115 0.125 0 I
DunjaBOG
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott (Dryopteridaceae) W PapratBOG Leaves Infusion Anti-parasitic 0 2 0 0 0.063 0 I
Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetaceae) 07/Pz/11 W Konksi repBOG Aerial parts Infusion Hepatic disorders, 0 2 0 0 0.281 0 I
Kidney infections and pain 0 7 0
Euphorbia amygdaloides L. (Euphorbiaceae) W Mali mleqBOG Latex Topically used Warts 0 3 0 0 0.094 0 I
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae) 32/Pz/2013 W KopërALB RezeneBOG Fruits Infusion Eye disorders, 0 2 0 0.197 0.375 0.130 I
AnasonTUR Galactogogue, 0 1 1
Spasmolytic 12 9 5
Fragaria vesca L. (Rosaceae) W DredhzaALB Fruits Infusion Digestive, Spasmolytic 2 0 3 0.082 0 0.174 I
Divla jagodaBOG 3 0 5
Fumaria officinalis L. (Papaveraceae) 33/Pz/2013 W ShatereTUR Aerial parts Infusion Diuretic, 0 2 3 0 0.188 0.087 I
Relaxant, 0 1 1
Anti-hypertensive 0 3 0
Galium verum L. (Rubiaceae) 35/Pz/2013 W / Aerial parts Infusion Kidney disorders, 0 0 2 0 0 0.130 I
Skin regeneration 0 0 4
Gentiana lutea L. (Gentianaceae) 34/Pz/2013 W GecianaALB Roots Infusion Digestive disorders, 5 12 0 0.180 0.375 0 I
LincuraBOG Flavor additive for alcoholic beverage 6 0 0
Geranium sanguineum L. (Geraniaceae) W ZdrvacBOG Aerial parts Infusion Respiratory disorders, laryngitis 0 3 0 0 0.094 0 I
Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae) C Lule djellıALB Seeds Extracted with animal fat Skin infections 6 5 0 0.098 0.156 0 I
SuncokretBOG
Hordeum vulgare Jess. (Poaceae) C ElbiALB Seeds Flour, mixed with oil Wound healing 5 0 2 0.082 0 0.043 I
JeçmenikTUR
Arpa elbiTUR
Humulus lupulus L. (Cannabaceae) 37/Pz/2013 W Bari sherbetitALB Aerial parts Infusion Insomnia, 3 3 1 0.180 0.563 0.217 I
Amel brumitTUR Appetizing, 2 5 2
AmelTUR Neurorelaxant 0 2 2
Fruits Infusion Insomnia, 6 5 3
Diuretic, 0 3 1
Prostate disorders 0 0 1
Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) 36/Pz/2013 08/Pz/11 W KantarioniALB Aerial parts Infusion Anti-anemic, Wound healing, Anticoagulant, Neurorelaxant, Antacid 0 4 0 0.475 1.844 0 I
KantarionBOG 12 32 0
0 1 0
16 21 0
1 1 0
Inula sp. (Asteraceae) W OmaniTUR Roots Infusion Anti-tussive, Bile simulation, Diuretic 0 0 2 0 0 0.130 I
Safra otiTUR 0 0 3
0 0 1
Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae) 40/Pz/2013 C ArraALB Fruits Eaten Anti-parasitic, Thyroid disorders 3 0 0 0.115 0 0 I
4 0 0
Juncus effusus L. (Juncaceae) W XukllaTUR Aerial parts Infusion Urinary tract disorders 0 0 3 0 0 0.065 I
Juniperus communis L. (Cupressaceae) 39/Pz/2013 W GëllijaALB Wood Extracted with oil, topically used in skin Anti-fungal, Skin depigmentation 6 17 5 0.623 2.094 0.696 I
KlekaBOG 2 11 2
ArdeqTUR
Fruits Extracted with alcohols Anti-rheumatic 5 3 0
Infusion Tuberculosis, 6 2 9
Anti-rheumatic, 3 11 5
Lithontriptic, 9 21 11
Anti-asthmatic, 4 1 0
Anti-diabetic 3 1 0
Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae) 41/Pz/2013 C SallataALB Aerial parts Eaten fresh Headache, 0 0 2 0 0 0.043 I
MarrolliTUR Galactogogue 0 0 4
Leonurus cardiaca L. (Lamiaceae) W Ayslan kuyrguTUR Aerial parts Infusion Cardiotonic, 0 0 3 0 0 0.065 I
Improve blood circulation, 0 0 2
Memory enhancement 0 0 4
Lycoperdon sp. (Agaricaceae) 60/Pz/2013 W PufkaALB Powder Topically applied Wound healing, Hemostatic 4 1 0 0.066 0.031 0 I
MantariBOG 8 4 0
Lycopodium clavatum L. (Lycopodiaceae) W Bari qibrititALB Aerial parts Topically applied to skin Anti-microbial 2 0 0 0.033 0 0 I
Infusion Hepatitis 1 0 0
Malva sylvestris L. (Malvaceae) 44/Pz/2013 W MullagaALB Aerial parts Extracted with fat (melhem) Wound healing, 3 5 2 0.262 0.250 0.283 I
Mali slez BOG Anti-acne 5 2 0
Ebe gumeciTUR
Flowers Infusion Anti-tussive, 2 1 3
Bronchitis, 2 0 4
Antimicrobial 4 0 4
Mespilus germanica L. (Rosaceae) 47/Pz/2013 C MushmollaALB Aerial parts Infusion Anti-diarrheal, 4 0 0 0.115 0 0 I
Anti-diabetic, 2 0 0
Ear disorders 1 0 0
Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) 42/Pz/2013 W Bari i bletësALB Aerial parts Infusion Neurorelaxant, 3 8 5 0.475 0.406 0.413 I
MatoqınaBOG Headache, 3 1 4
MolshvatravaBOG Anti-hypertensive, 2 0 1
Appetizing, 6 0 1
Improve blood circulation,
Bronchitis, 3 0 1
Anti-anemic, 7 2 3
Anti-hallucinogenic, 0 1 3
Respiratory disorders 5 1 1
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. (Lamiaceae) 45/Pz/2013 C Çaj nanaALB NanaBOG Aerial parts Infusion Stomach disorders, 0 3 0 0.311 0.75 0 I
Carminative, 3 4 0
Influenza, 2 6 0
Respiratory system infections, 8 9 0
Anti-tussive, 4 1 0
Expectorant 2 1 0
Mentha pulegium L. (Lamiaceae) 46/Pz/2013 W Divla mentaBOG Aerial parts Infusion Neurorelaxant, 0 3 0 0 0.625 0 I
Improve blood circulation, 0 7 0
Respiratory system infections, 0 9 0
Antitussive 0 1 0
Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae)
50/Pz/2013		 C Kudret nareTUR Fruits Mixed with oil –internal use Wound healing, 0 0 7 0 0 0.435 I
Sari kadakTUR Anti-diabetic, 0 0 1
Anti-cancer 0 0 4
Mixed with oil - topically applied Vulnerary for burn wounds 0 0 8
Morus alba L. (Moraceae) 49/Pz/2013 C Mani i bardheALB Leaves Infusion Anti-diabetic 0 0 4 0 0 0.087 I
AkdutTUR
Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) 48/Pz/2013 C Mani i ziALB Fruits Eaten fresh Infections of upper part of respiratory system 3 0 5 0.148 0 0.196 I
DutTUR
KaradutTUR
Leaves Infusion Anti-pyretic, Diuretic 6 0 4
Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) 51/Pz/2013 C BosiljakBOG Aerial parts Infusion Carminative, 0 3 0 0 0.219 0 I
Kidney infections, 0 1 0
Tuberculosis 0 3 0
Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae) 15/Pz/11 C UlliniALB Fruits Eaten fresh Tuberculosis, Spasmolytic 0 1 0 0.131 0.219 0.283 I
MaslinaBOG 6 5 2
Zejtın tanesiTUR
Leaves Infusion Improve blood circulation, 0 1 5
Anti-diabetic, 1 0 3
Anti-hypertensive 1 0 3
Orchis morio L. (Orchidaceae) 53/Pz/2013 W SalepBOG Tubers Infusion Influenza, 0 2 1 0 0.219 0.043 I
SahlepTUR Stomach disorders, 0 1 1
Wound healing 0 4 0
Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) 52/Pz/2013 W Çaj maliALB Aerial parts Infusion Anti-tussive, 6 4 2 0.279 0.750 0.304 I
OriganoBOG Influenza, 2 3 1
ToqillaTUR Respiratory system infections 9 17 11
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss (Apiaceae) 61/Pz/2013 C MajdanozALB Aerial parts Infusion Anti-cholesterolemic 2 0 4 0.148 0 0.304 I
MagdenozTUR Anti-diabetic, 4 0 1
Galactogogue, 2 0 5
Anticoagulant 1 0 4
Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) 62/Pz/2013 C PasulALB Aerial parts Infusion Anti-diabetic 2 0 3 0.033 0 0.065 I
Jer pasulTUR
Pimpinella anisum L. (Apiaceae) C Bati i gjinitALB AnasonTUR Aerial parts Infusion Spasmolytic, 0 0 5 0 0 0.283 I
Carminative, 0 0 5
Anti-ageing, 0 0 2
Galactogogue 0 0 1
Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold. (Pinaceae) W/C PishaALB Resin Extracted with oil Skin infections 3 0 6 0.049 0 0.130 I
Kara qamTUR
Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) 54/Pz/2013 W DejziALB Leaves Infusion Wound healing 0 6 0 0 0.313 0 I
BokvicaBOG Arial parts Infusion Skin infections 0 3 0
Zenska bokvicaBOG Flowers Infusion Digestive and urinary disorders 0 1 0
Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae) W BarthekALB Aerial parts Infusion Urinary system disorders, 2 0 4 0.082 0 0.109 I
KusekmeziTUR Anti-coagulant 3 0 1
TroketTUR
Populus alba L. (Salicaceae) W PlepiALB Aerial parts Topically uses Wound healing 0 0 3 0 0 0.087 I
Ak kavakTUR Leaves Infusion Urinary tract disorders 0 0 1
Beyaz kavakTUR
Primula veris L. (Primulaceae) 56/Pz/2013 W Myzhdja e pranverësALB Flowers Infusion Headache, 0 2 1 0.508 1.094 0.543 I
JaglikaBOG Anti-tussive, 11 14 9
Zuti vetBOG Respiratory system disorders, 14 7 9
JagorcevinaBOG Improve blood circulation 3 1 1
Quha çicegiTUR
Aerial parts Infusion Anti-tussive, 2 4 0
Expectorant, 1 6 4
Bronchitis 0 1 1
Prunus avium L. (Rosaceae) C QershiaALB Fruits Decoction Anti-hypertensive, 2 0 0 0.262 0 0 I
Improve blood circulation, 5 0 0
Anti-bacterial, 3 0 0
Digestive tract disorders 1 0 0
Resin Topically used Scabies 5 0 0
Prunus domestica L. (Rosaceae) 55/Pz/2013 C SljivaBOG Fruits Decoction Hepatic disorders, 0 1 0 0 0.438 0 I
Anti-hemorrhoidal, 0 5 0
Anti-parasitic, 0 2 0
Constipation 0 6 0
Prunus spinosa L. (Rosaceae) W KulumrijaALB Flowers Infusion Constipation 0 3 1 0.131 0 0.065 I
TerninaBOG Fruits Infusion Anti-diabetic, 7 2 4
KurumliaTUR Hepatic disorders 0 1 1
Leaves Infusion Improve digestion, 1 1 2
Appetizing 0 2 1
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. (Dennstaedtiaceae) W FiriALB Leaves Extracted with oil Wound healing 0 0 3 0 0 0.065 I
Qiban otuTUR
Pulmonaria officinalis L. (Boraginaceae) W Bar ı mushkerıveALB PluqnjakBOG Aerial parts Infusion Anti-tussive, 1 3 0 0.016 0.125 0 I
Bronchitis 0 1 0
Pyrus communis L. (Rosaceae) 58/Pz/2013 W DardhaALB Fruits Infusion Cardiotonic, 0 3 0 0 0.125 0.043 I
Dardha egerALB Hepatic disorders 0 1 2
ArmutTUR
Raphanus sativus L. (Brassicaceae) 63/Pz/2013 C RotkvaBOG Taproot Infusion Digestive system infections, 0 2 0 0 0.375 0 I
CveklaBOG Bronchitis, 0 4 0
Anti-anemic, 0 1 0
Anti-rheumatic 0 5 0
Ribes rubrum L. (Grossulariaceae) C RibizlaBOG Fruits Infusion Anti-rheumatic, 0 3 0 0 0.344 0 I
Anti-malarial, 0 1 0
Anti-allergic, 0 2 0
Heart disorders 0 5 0
Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Fabaceae) 68/Pz/2013 W BagremiALB Flowers Infusion Skin infections 3 0 2 0.049 0 0.043 I
AkasyaTUR
Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae) 67/Pz/2013 W KaçaALB Fruits Infusion Improve immunity, 3 1 0 0.328 0.594 0 I
ShipakBOG Hepatic disorders, 1 2 0
SipurakBOG Anti-anaemic, 1 5 0
Influenza, 6 3 0
Digestive tract disorders. 9 8 0
Rubia tinctorum L. (Rubiaceae) W CrvenkaBOG Aerial parts Infusion Kidney disorders, 0 3 0 0 0.281 0 I
Skeletal disorders, tuberculosis 0 1 0
“Saraxha” (cutaneous tuberculosis) 0 5 0
Rubus fruticosus L. (Rosaceae) 65/Pz/2013 W ManaALB Aerial parts Infusion Anti-anemic, 0 3 0 0 1.031 0 I
KupinaBOG Improve blood circulation, 0 1 0
Anti-hypertensive, 0 4 0
Wound healing 0 3 0
Anti-diabetic, 0 4 0
Antimycotic 0 1 0
Fruits Infusion Anti-anemic, 0 4 0
Anti- diarrheal, 0 1 0
Kidney infections, 0 2 0
Oral cavity infections, 0 5 0
Hypertensive, 0 2 0
Anti-parasitic, 0 1 0
Anti-tussive 0 2 0
Rubus idaeus L. (Rosaceae) 66/Pz/2013 W MjedraALB Leaves Infusion Improve blood circulation, 0 5 0 0 1.188 0 I
MalinaBOG Anti-hypertensive, 0 5 0
Anti-diarrheal, 0 3 0
Anti-tussive, 0 2 0
Anti-pyretic, 0 1 0
Oral cavity infections 0 5 0
Roots Infusion Anti-hypertensive, 0 3 0
Wound healing 0 4 0
Fruits Infusion Dysentery, 0 1 0
Tonsillitis, 0 3 0
Digestive disorders 0 2 0
Flowers Extracted with olive oil To treated skin wounds caused by insects and snakes 0 4 0
Salix alba L. (Salicaceae) 70/Pz/2013 W VrbaBOG Leaves Infusion Hepatic disorders 0 3 0 0 0.313 0 I
Cortex Infusion Antipyretic, 0 5 0
Analgesic 0 2 0
Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) C ZalfijaBOG Aerial parts Infusion, then added honey Tonsillitis and other infection of respiratory system, 0 7 0 0 0.344 0 I
Anti-diabetic 0 2 0
Antiperspirant 0 2 0
Sambucus nigra L. (Adoxaceae) 69/Pz/2013 W ShtoguALB Flowers Infusion Bronchitis, 14 7 15 0.787 1.250 0.891 I
ZovaBOG Anti-tussive, 8 5 3
Bos zovaBOG Expectorant, Antiperspirant, 3 7 8
MurverTUR Anti-halitosis, 2 1 4
ForbozTUR Influenza, 0 1 4
Anti-asthmatic, 6 8 2
Stomach disorders, 9 4 1
Urinary tract disorders 4 1 1
1 1 1
Extracted with fish oil Anti-anemic, Improve immunity 0 3 1
Extracted with oil – topically used Vulnerary for burns, skin infections 1 2 1
Satureja montana L. (Lamiaceae) 19/Pz/11 W CubarTUR Aerial parts Infusion Spasmolytic, 0 5 0 0 0.563 0 I
CurbiceBOG Anti-diabetic, 0 2 0
Anti-parasitic, 0 2 0
Respiratory tract infections, 0 5 0
Anti-tussive, 0 2 0
Expectorant 0 2 0
Scrophularia nodosa L. (Scrophulariaceae) W / Aerial parts Topically applied “Saraxha” (cutaneous tuberculosis), Tuberculosis 0 3 2 0 0.094 0.043 I
Sempervivum tectorum L. (Crassulaceae) 71/Pz/2013 W Bar veshiALB Leaves Extracted with fat (cow or pig fat) - topically applied Wound healing 6 3 0 0.279 0.531 0 I
CuvarkucaBOG
Juice from fresh leaves, 2–3 drops Earache, ear infections 11 14 0
Symphytum officinale L. (Boraginaceae) 73/Pz/2013 W Crni gavezBOG GanezTUR Roots Extracted with fat Wound healing 0 4 2 0 0.188 0.109 I
Extracted with wine Anticoagulant 0 2 3
Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae) 75/Pz/2013 W Pire otuTURR Seeds Infusion Anti-parasitic (intestinal parasites), 0 0 3 0 0 0.304 I
Anti-rheumatic 0 0 2
Flowers Powder Insect repellent, anti-parasitic 0 0 4
Aerial parts Infusion Digestive tract disorders, 0 0 2
Anti-hemorrhoidal, 0 0 1
Eczema 0 0 2
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. (Asteraceae)84/Pz/2013 W Tamëlçak i Flowers Infusion Hepatitis 2 1 0 0.295 0.375 0.304 I
livadhitALB Aerial parts Infusion Improve blood circulation, 7 4 9
MaslacakBOG
KaraındıbaTUR Digestive tract disorders, 3 5 1
Urinary tract disorders, 1 1 1
Anti-anemic. 5 1 3
Teucrium chamaedrys L. (Lamiaceae) 79/Pz/2013 W MamudiaBOG Aerial parts Infusion Appetizing, 0 2 0 0 0.250 0 I
Stomachache, 0 4 0
Anti- diarrheal, 0 1 0
Anti-hemorrhoidal 0 1 0
Teucrium polium L. (Lamiaceae) 78/Pz/2013 W Bar saraxhaALB Aerial parts Mixed with fat Tuberculosis, 2 2 0 0.131 0.281 0 I
Bar majasiliALB “Saraxha” (cutaneous tuberculosis) 4 2 0
PodobicaBOG
Infusion Anti-hemorrhoidal, 1 1 0
igestive tract disorders, 1 3 0
Stomachache 0 1 0
Thymus serpyllum L. (Lamiaceae) 76/Pz/2013 W Majcina dusicaBOG Aerial parts Infusion Improve blood circulation, 3 5 2 1.525 2.5 1.087 I
Qeklik otiTUR
Anticholesterolemic, 1 2 0
Respiratory inflammations, 21 26 16
Immunostimulant, 4 0 2
Neurorelaxant, 11 5 3
Carminative, 19 22 13
Spasmolytic, 13 9 12
Bronchitis, 16 6 1
Anti-asthmatic, 2 4 1
Expectorant 3 1 0
Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) 77/Pz/2013 W Majcina dusicaBOG Aerial parts Infusion Anti-tussive, 0 3 0 0 0.281 0 I
Anti-cholesterolemic 0 6 0
Typha latifolia L. (Typhaceae) 82/Pz/2013 W ShavarALB Fruits Infusion Respiratory system inflammations 0 0 3 0 0 0.065 I
HubaboTUR
Tilia platyphyllos Scop. (Malvaceae) 80/Pz/2013 W/C BliniALB Flowers Infusion Respiratory system inflammations, 8 13 8 0.689 1.469 0.804 I
LipaBOG
FlamurTUR Anti-anemic, 2 5 4
IlhamurTUR Stomach infections, 9 3 5
Headache, 1 0 1
Anti-tussive 2 0 1
Leaves and Flowers Infusion Anti-tussive, 2 4 6
Expectorant, 1 3 1
Respiratory system inflammations 17 19 11
Trifolium arvense L. (Fabaceae) W/C TërfojaALB Aerial part Infusion Anti-rheumatic 0 6 0 0 0.188 0 I
DeklinaBOG
Triticum vulgare L. (Poaceae) 74/Pz/2013 W GruniALB Flour Mixed with hot water – topically used Skin inflammation and ulcers 0 0 4 0 0 0.087 I
BogdayTUR Mixed with hot water – internal used Anti-diarrheal 0 0 2
Tussilago farfara L. (Asteraceae) 83/Pz/2013 W PotbelBOG Aerial parts Infusion Expectorant, 0 7 0 0 0.313 0 I
Anti-tussive 0 3 0
Ulmus minor Mill. (Ulmaceae)
86/Pz/2013		 W VidhiALB Leaves Extracted with fat Anti-mycotic, 11 0 7 0.197 0 0.217 I
KarragaqTUR Anti-bacterial, “Saraxha” (cutaneous tuberculosis). 1 0 3
Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) 85/Pz/2013 W HithiALB Aerial parts Infusion Anti-hemorrhoidal, 3 1 5 1.820 3.094 1.652 II
KoprivaBOG Anti-anemic, 32 21 11
YakiciTUR Influenza, 12 10 6
Anti-cancer, 1 0 0
Eczemas, 3 7 9
Bronchitis, 11 19 14
Headache, 1 3 1
Anti-rheumatic, 9 4 6
Anti-bacterial, 12 19 13
Alopecia, 5 1 1
Anti-dandruff, 18 12 9
Digestive disorders 2 1 1
Urinary disorders 2 1 0
Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaceae) 87/Pz/2013 W BoronıcaALB Fruits Juice of fresh fruits Digestive tract infections, 6 9 5 0.984 1.563 1.152 I
BorovnicaALB
Anti-anemic, 25 21 11
Eye inflammations, 1 0 5
Hepatitis, 0 0 3
Digestive disorders, 0 1 3
Urinary disorders 1 1 1
Fruits and leaves Infusion Lithontriptic, 4 2 7
Respiratory inflammations, 6 5 3
Anti-anemic 17 11 15
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. (Ericaceae) W BrusnicaBOG Leaves Infusion Urinary inflammations 0 14 0 0 2.094 0 I
Anti-rheumatic 0 3 0
Fruits Infusion Urinary tract infections 0 21 0
Fruits and leaves Infusion Lithontriptic, 0 11 0
Diuretic, 0 6 0
Anti-rheumatic, 0 1 0
Wound healing, 0 3 0
Antipyretic, 0 1 0
Anti-diabetic, 0 6 0
Anticonvulsant 0 1 0
Veratrum album L. (Melanthiaceae) W ShtaraALB Aerial parts Infusion Anti-hypertensive. 3 5 0 0.049 0.156 0 I
CemenikaBOG
Verbascum sp. (Scrophulariaceae) 89/Pz/2013 W DivizmaBOG DivizaTUR Aerial parts Infusion and Mixed with fat “mehlem” Anti-tussive, 0 2 1 0 0.250 0.087 I
Bronchitis, 0 5 2
Sigir kuyruguTUR Digestive tract disorders 0 1 1
Veronica officinalis L. (Plantaginaceae) 88/Pz/2013 W Paskalya otuTUR Leaves Infusion Anticoagulant, 0 0 3 0 0 0.196 I
Yavshan otuTUR Respiratory system inflammations, 00 0 2
Wound healing 0 4
Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) 90/Pz/2013 C RrushıALB Leaves Infusion Increase immunity, 4 1 0 0.311 0.438 0.435 I
GrozhgjeBOG Hepatitis 2 1 3
Siyah üzümTUR
Fruits Eaten fresh Anti-anemic, 3 4 2
Hepatic disorders, 1 2 3
Urinary system inflammations 6 2 1
Juice of fruits (semi fermented) Internal used Anti-anemic, 1 1 10
Anti-cholesterolemic 2 3 1
Zea mays L. (Poaceae) 92/Pz/2013 C MisriALB Female flower Infusion Urinary tract inflammations, 2 0 3 0.115 0 0.152 I
KollomoqALB
Edema, 1 0 1
KollomoqiTUR Stomach disorders, 2 0 0
Anti-parasitic 1 0 0
Ripe seeds Infusion Anti-parasitic 1 0 3

a Folk Names. ALBfolk name(s) recorded among Albanians; BOGfolk name(s) recorded among Bosniaks/Gorani; TURfolk name(s) recorded among Turks

b Alb N uc : Number of use citations provided by Albanian informants; Bo/Go N uc : Number of use citations provided by Bosnian and Gorani informants; Tur N uc : Number of use citations provided by Turkish informants.

c UV Alb : Use-value for one species by the Albanian group; UV Bo/Go : Use-value for one species by the Bosniaks and Gorani; UV Tur : Use-value for one species by the Turkish group. This index measures the relative importance of each species based on its reported use by informants from each cultural group under study.

d Q: Quadrant assignments are based on adjusted use-values (UVadj), which were calculated by dividing the use-value (UV) of each group by the maximum use-value (UVmax) for medicinal citations (UVadj not shown).