Table 1.
Characteristics of the Participants by Chronic Kidney Disease Status
| Variables | CKD patients (n = 201) | Non-CKD controls (n = 201) | P-value for difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs | 55.9 ± 9.9 | 52.5 ± 10.0 | 0.0007 |
| Male, % | 55.2 | 45.3 | 0.05 |
| Blacks, % | 60.7 | 51.2 | 0.06 |
| High school education, % | 58.5 | 81.6 | <0.0001 |
| Current cigarette smoking, % | 53.7 | 48.8 | 0.32 |
| Weekly alcohol drinking, % | 27.9 | 59.2 | <0.0001 |
| Regular physical activitya, % | 53.0 | 72.9 | <0.0001 |
| History of CVD, % | 43.7 | 7.0 | <0.0001 |
| History of hypertension, % | 88.1 | 23.9 | <0.0001 |
| History of diabetes, % | 49.3 | 5.5 | <0.0001 |
| History of hypercholesterolemia, % | 65.7 | 30.9 | <0.0001 |
| Body-mass index, kg/m2 | 32.2 ± 7.8 | 28.9 ± 6.4 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 132.2 ± 21.0 | 122.0 ± 14.7 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 77.2 ± 13.5 | 77.6 ± 9.4 | 0.77 |
| Plasma glucose, mg/dL | 119.9 ± 46.7 | 103.4 ± 35.4 | <0.0001 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 103.3 ± 45.9 | 118.2 ± 30.2 | <0.0001 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 50.3 ± 15.6 | 57.7 ± 18.0 | <0.0001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 43.3 ± 19.9 | 96.7 ± 16.8 | <0.0001 |
| Urinary albumin, mg/24-h | 74.5 (12.3, 417.4) | 5.9 (4.1, 11.4) | <0.0001 |
Mean ± standard deviation, percentage, or median (inter-quartile range)
LDL low-density lipoprotein; HDL high-density lipoprotein; eGFR estimated-glomerular filtration rate; and CVD cardiovascular disease
aModerate or heavy physical activity at least twice per week