Fig 5.

CD14⁺ monocytes, isolated from healthy individuals (Ctrl), recovered hepatitis C virus (HCV) [HCV polymerase chain reaction (PCR)^–] and chronic (HCV PCR⁺) HCV patients were differentiated with granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating growth factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-4 for 3 days and matured with a cocktail of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, IL-1β and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂). The gene expression of indolamine2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) (a) and -2 (b) was measured by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR), and analysed against β-actin. Results are shown as median values and interquartile range. Significant difference is shown as *P < 0·05; **P < 0·01; ***P < 0·001; ****P < 0·0001.