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. 2015 Apr 19;180(3):520–530. doi: 10.1111/cei.12591

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Fig 2 — Citrate augments and inhibits proinflammatory cytokine mRNA production. Human acute monocytic leukaemia cell line (THP-1) cells were incubated (30 min) with varying concentrations of citrate prior to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (2 h). mRNA was isolated and subsequently analysed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). (a) Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA production in normal calcium medium (0·4 mM). (b) TNF-α mRNA production in supplemental calcium medium (1·4 mM). (c) IL-8 mRNA production in normal calcium medium (0·4 mM). (d) IL-8 mRNA production in supplemental calcium medium (1·4 mM). Data were normalized to the LPS-stimulated sample with no citrate (*P<0·05, n.s. = not significant).