Table 1.
Inhibition on the coagulation pathways of natural products.
| Natural products | Experimental models | Pathways | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polysaccharide HAF0 of Monostroma arcticum | Human blood (in vitro) | IN & CO | Prolonging APTT and TT, but without PT | [80] |
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| Total saponin of Polygala fallax Hesml. | Rabbit blood (in vitro) | IN | Prolonging APTT and RT and fibrinogen clotting time, but without PT | [81] |
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| Borneol | Rat blood (ex vivo) | EX & CO | Prolonging PT and TT and inhibition of arteriovenous shunt as well as venous thrombosis | [97] |
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| Withaferin A of Withania somnifera | Human blood (ex vivo) | IN & CO | Prolonging APTT and PT and inhibition of thrombin, FXa formation, and TNF-α induced PAI-1 production as well as extending in vivo and ex vivo bleeding time | [86] |
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| Saline extract of Hirudinaria manillensis | Rat blood (ex vivo) | IN, EX & CO | Prolonging APTT, PT, and TT | [98] |
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| Total glycosides of paeony | Rabbit blood (in vitro) | IN, EX & CO | Prolonging APTT, TT, and PT | [90] |
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| 95% ethanol extract of Ferula lehmannii Boiss. | Rat blood (ex vivo) | IN, EX & CO | Prolonging APTT, TT, and PT | [99] |
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| Dilinoleic acid, safflower yellow, and compatibility preparation | Rat blood (ex vivo) | IN & EX | Prolonging APTT, TT, CT, and BT | [100] |
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| Aqueous extract of Whitmania pigra Whitman | Rat blood (in vitro) | IN & EX | Prolonging APTT as well as TT and suppression of fibrinogen formation | [101] |
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| Phlorotannins STP-1 and STP-2 of Sargassum thunbergii Kuntze | Rabbit blood (in vitro) | IN, EX & CO | Prolonging APTT, TT, PT, CT, and BT | [102] |
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| Sulfated polysaccharides of Hizikia fusiformis | Rat/Rabbit blood (in vivo/in vitro) | IN | Prolonging rats BT, CT in vivo, and rabbits APTT in vitro | [103] |
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| Hyperoside of Rhododendron brachycarpum | Rat blood (ex vivo) | IN & EX | Prolonging APTT and PT | [82] |
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| Polysaccharide of Umbilicaria esculenta | Rat blood (in vitro) | IN, EX & CO | Prolonging APTT, PT, and TT | [83] |
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| Sulfated (1→3)-β-L-arabinan of Codium vermilara | Human blood (in vitro) | IN, EX & CO | Prolonging APTT, PT, and TT | [104] |
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| Wogonin and wogonoside of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | Human blood (in vitro) | IN & EX | Prolonging APTT and PT and inhibition of the activities and production of THR and FXa | [88] |
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| Crude extracts of Erigeron canadensis L. | Human blood (in vitro) | IN & EX | Prolonging APTT and PT | [89] |
IN, EX, and CO represent for intrinsic, extrinsic, and common coagulation pathways, respectively; APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; TT: thrombin time; PT: prothrombin time; RT: recalcification time; CT: coagulative time; BT: bleeding time.