Table 2.

Inhibition of platelet membrane receptors of natural products.

Natural products	Experimental models	Possible mechanisms	Reference
2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside of Polygonum multiflorum	Human blood (in vitro); agonist: collagen	Inhibition of FcγRIIa, Akt (Ser473), and GSK3β (Ser9) phosphorylation	[105]
95% ethanol extract of Spatholobus suberectus	Human blood (in vitro); agonist: collagen	Blockage of fibrinogen binding to the GP IIb/IIIa, suppression of TXA2 formation	[106]
A new tripeptide (AAP) of Agkistrodon acutus Venom	Rabbit blood (in vitro); agonist: ADP, PAF-acether, collagen and THR	Inhibition of fibrinogen binding to GP IIb/IIIa	[107]
Glaucocalyxin A of Rabdosia japonica (Burm. f.) var. glaucocalyx (Maxim.) Hara	Human blood (in vitro); agonist: collagen	Inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk, LAT, phospholipase Cγ2, and P-selectin secretion	[108]
Salvianolic acid B of Salvia miltiorrhiza	Rat blood (in vitro and ex vivo); agonist: collagen	Exerting binding affinity to α 2 β 1, decreasing of intracellular Ca2+, and impacting on cytoskeleton-related proteins level	[109]
Indole-3-carbinol of cruciferous vegetables	Human blood (in vitro); agonist: collagen	Inhibition of fibrinogen binding to GP IIb/IIIa and decreasing the levels of TXB2, prostaglandin E2	[110]
II-3,I-5,II-5,II-7,I-4′,II-4′-Hexahydroxy-(I-3,II-8)-flavonylflavanonol and acacetin of Garcinia nervosa var. pubescens King	Rabbit blood (in vitro); agonist: PAF	Possessing strong PAF antagonistic activity	[111]
Essential oils of five Goniothalamus species	Human blood (in vitro); agonist: ADP, AA, and collagen	Possessing strong PAF antagonistic activity	[112]
15–20% ethanol extract of aged garlic	Human blood (in vitro); agonist: ADP	Inhibition of fibrinogen binding to GP IIb/IIIa and increasing the level of cAMP	[113]
Tetramethylpyrazine of Ligusticam wallichii Franch	Human blood (in vitro); agonist: ADP, collagen, and U46619	Inhibition of fibrinogen binding to GP IIb/IIIa and the levels of intracellular Ca2+ as well as TXB2	[114]
Aqueous extract of Agrimonia pilosa	Human blood (in vitro); agonist: ADP	Inhibition of fibrinogen binding to GP IIb/IIIa and decreasing the level of P-selectin	[115]
N-butanol extract of Toona sinensis Seed	Human blood (in vitro); agonist: THR	Inhibition of fibrinogen binding to GP IIb/IIIa and decreasing the level of intracellular Ca2+	[116]
Eryloside F of Erylus formosus	Human blood (in vitro); agonist: THR, SFLLRN, and U-46619	Possessing strong THR antagonistic activity	[117]
Isomaltol and pentagalloyl glucose of Rhus verniciflua Stokes	Human blood (in vitro); agonist: ADP, AA, and collagen	Decreasing the expression of GPIIb/IIIa	[118]
Piperlongumine of Piper longum L.	Rabbit blood (in vitro); agonist: U4619 and THR	Inhibition of U46619-induced phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis as well as the binding of (3H)SQ29548 to TXA2 receptor	[119]
Hot-water extract of modified Je-Ho-Tang (Mume Fructus, Amomi Tsaoko Fructus, Santali Albi Lignum, and Amomi Fructus)	Human blood (in vitro); agonist: collagen	Inhibiting adhesion and decreasing the activation of GPIIb/IIIa-like expression and P-selectin monoclonal, Ca2+ mobilization	[120]
Pomolic acid of Licania pittieri	Human blood (in vitro); agonist: ADP	Competitive antagonism of ADP-induced platelet aggregation	[121]

ADP: adenosine diphosphat; PAF: platelet activating factor; THR: thrombin; AA: arachidonic acid; SFLLRN: thrombin receptor activating peptide; GP IIb/IIIa: Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa; TXA₂: thromboxane A₂; TXB₂: thromboxane B₂; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; (³H)SQ29548: TXA₂ receptor antagonist.