Table 4.
Impacting on the arachidonic acid system of natural products.
| Natural products | Experimental models | Possible mechanisms | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Epigallocatechin-3-gallate of green tea leaves | Rat blood (in vitro); agonist: collagen |
Inhibiting the activation of COX-1 and TXAS, with a stronger selectivity in COX-1 inhibition than TXAS inhibition | [133] |
|
| |||
| Jujuboside B of seeds of Zizyphus jujuba | Rat blood (in vitro); agonist: collagen |
Inhibition of TXA2 production | [134] |
|
| |||
| Alditol and monosaccharide of sorghum vinegar | Human blood (in vitro); agonist: AA, collagen, ADP, and THR |
Inhibition of COX-1 and TXAS and attenuating TXA2 production | [135] |
|
| |||
| Diacetylated obovatol of Magnolia obovata leaves | Rabbit blood (in vitro); agonist: collagen and AA |
Inhibition of COX-1 and LOX activities and decreasing in cytosolic Ca2+ mobilization and 5-HT secretion | [136] |
|
| |||
| Ethanol extract, eupatilin, and jaceosidin of Artemisia princeps Pampanini | Human blood (in vitro); agonist: AA |
Inhibition the generation of 5-HT and TXA2 | [137] |
|
| |||
| Berberine of berberine sulfate injection | Rabbit blood (ex vivo); agonist: ADP, AA, and collagen |
Suppressing of TXA2 | [138] |
|
| |||
| Hesperetin of grapefruits and oranges | Rabbit blood (in vitro); agonist: AA and collagen |
Inhibition of PLC-γ2 phosphorylation, COX-1 activity, and decreasing of Ca2+ as well as TXA2 | [139] |
|
| |||
| Green tea catechins of Camellia sinensis | Rabbit blood (in vitro); agonist: AA, collagen, and U-46619 |
Inhibition of AA liberation, TXA2 synthesis, PGD2, and ATP formation | [140] |
|
| |||
| Hydroxychavicol of betel quid | Rat blood (in vitro); agonist: AA, collagen, and THR |
Inhibition of COX-1/COX-2 enzyme activity and decreasing TXA2 and ROS production as well as Ca2+ mobilization | [141] |
|
| |||
| Tetrandrine and fangchinoline of Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae | Human blood (in vitro); agonist: PAF, THR and AA |
Suppression of TXA2 formation, but without inhibiting the binding of PAF to PAF-receptor | [142] |
|
| |||
| Isorhynchophy lline of Uncaria sinensis (Oliv.) Havil. | Rabbit blood (in vitro); agonist: collagen |
Inhibition of TXA2 formation | [143] |
|
| |||
| Genistein | Rabbit blood (in vitro); agonist: PAF |
Inhibition of TXA2 formation and increasing PGI2 generation | [144] |
|
| |||
| Ethyl acetate extract of Caesalpinia sappan L. | Rat blood (ex vivo); agonist: ADP |
Inhibition of TXA2 formation and increasing PGI2 generation | [145] |
|
| |||
| Morroniside of Cornus officinalis Sieb.et Zucc | Rabbit blood (in vitro); agonist: ADP |
Inhibition of COX activation and decreasing TXB2 generation | [146, 147] |
|
| |||
| Neolignans of three Lauraceae species (Pleurothyrium cinereum, Ocotea macrophylla, and Nectandra amazonum) | Rabbit blood (in vitro) agonist: PAF, ADP and AA |
Inhibition of COX-2 by Benzofuran neolignans; inhibition of PAF-action, COX-1, 5-LOX by bicyclooctane; inhibition of COX-2, PAF-action by neolignan 9-nor-7,8-dehydro-isolicarin B and cinerin C; inhibition of 5-LOX/COX-2 by Nectamazin C | [148] |
|
| |||
| Extracts of Myoga (Zingiber mioga Roscoe) | Human blood (in vitro) agonist: ADP and AA |
Inhibition of 5-LOX by miogatrial, miogadial, sesquiterpene and polygodial | [149] |
|
| |||
| Ginsenoside Rk1 of white ginseng | Rat blood (in vitro) agonist: AA |
Decreasing of 12-HETE, 12-LOX, and Ca2+ levels | [150] |
AA: arachidonic acid; ADP: adenosine diphosphate; THR: thrombin; PAF: platelet activating factor; COX-1: cyclooxygenase-1; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; TXAS: thromboxane synthase; LOX: lipoxygenase; TXA2: thromboxane A2; TXB2: thromboxane B2; 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine; PLC-γ2: phospholipase C-γ2; PGD2: prostaglandin D2; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; ROS: reactive oxygen species; PGI2: prostacycline 2; 12-HETE: 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid.