Table 1.
Chewing gum, time-on-task, and attention.
| Gum | No gum | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Focused attention | |||
| Mean reaction time (ms) | Block 1: M = 396.14 (5.89) Block 2: M = 395.2 (5.38) Block 3: M = 400.18 (5.31) |
Block 1: M = 391.97 (5.85) Block 2: M = 397.55 (5.26) Block 3: M = 401.39 (5.23) |
Gum: F(1, 54) = .01, P = .94, η
p
2 < .001 Time**: F(2, 108) = 5.82, P = .004, η p 2 = .1 Gum × time: F(1.802, 99.12) = 1.44, P = .24, η p 2 = .03 Gum × order: F(1, 54) = 3.89, P = .054, η p 2 = .06 |
| Total errors | 10.18 (1.12) | 10.15 (1.04) | Gum: F(1, 54) = .003, P = .96, η
p
2 < .0001 Gum × order††: F(1, 54) = 5.37, P = .02, η p 2 = .09 |
| Long responses | .27 (.09) | .45 (.21) | Gum: F(1, 54) = .91, P = .35, η
p
2 = .02 Gum × order: F(1, 54) = 2.94, P = .09, η p 2 < .05 |
| Breadth of attention1 | 18.99 (4.71) | 25.83 (5.39) | Gum: F(1, 54) = 1.03, P = .32, η
p
2 = .02 Gum × order: F(1, 54) = .78, P = .38, η p 2 = .01 |
| Speed of encoding2 | 25.47 (2.77) | 24.44 (2.61) | Gum: F(1, 54) = .21, P = .64, η
p
2 = .004 Gum × order††: F(1, 54) = 12.15, P < .001, η p 2 = .18 |
|
| |||
| Categoric search | |||
| Total errors | 11.16 (.8) | 11.84 (.93) | Gum: F(1, 54) = 1.45, P = .23, η
p
2 = .03 Gum × order: F(1, 54) = 2.51, P = .12, η p 2 = .04 |
| Long responses | 1.66 (.3) | 1.87 (.36) | Gum: F(1, 54) = .45, P = .5 η
p
2 = .008 Gum × order: F(1, 54) = .83, P = .37, η p 2 = .02 |
| Response organisation3 | 27.51 (2.54) | 26.88 (2.53) | Gum: F(1, 54) = .05, P = .083 η
p
2 = .001 Gum × order: F(1, 54) = .07, P = .79, η p 2 = .001 |
| Speed of encoding | 17.69 (2.73) | 4.77 (2.54) | Gum††: F(1, 54) = 14.3, P < .001, η
p
2 = .21 Gum × order: F(1, 54) = .04, P = .84, η p 2 = .001 |
| Spatial uncertainty4 | 105.92 (4.83) | 116.26 (5.34) | Gum: F(1, 54) = 3.28, P = .08, η
p
2 = .06 Gum × order: F(1, 54) = .043, P = .52, η p 2 = .008 |
| Place repetition5 | 15.62 (2.56) | 14 (2.92) | Gum: F(1, 54) = .35, P = .56, η
p
2 = .006 Gum × order: F(1, 54) = .72, P = .4, η p 2 = .01 |
|
| |||
| Simple reaction time | Block 1: M = 327.98 (6.39) Block 2: M = 336.58 (7.14) Block 3: M = 339.29 (6.68) |
Block 1: M = 314.43 (7.32) Block 2: M = 331.02 (7.44) Block 3: M = 341.09 (8) |
Gum: F(1, 54) = 2.04, P = .16, η
p
2 = .04 Time††: F(2, 108) = 16.09, P < .001, η p 2 = .23 Gum × time: F(2, 108) = 2.07, P = .13, η p 2 = .04 Gum × order***: F(1, 54) = 22.08, P = .001, η p 2 = .29 |
Standard errors of the means are in parentheses. 1Higher score = broader focus of attention. 2Higher score = slower encoding of information. 3Higher score = poorer organisation. 4Higher score = greater uncertainty. 5Higher score = greater effect of place repetition. **indicates P < .01, ††indicates P < .001, and ***indicates P = .001. Gum × gum order refers to interaction between gum condition and order in which gum condition appeared.