Table 2.
Level of chewing and its effect on mood and cognition.
| Unstandardised B | SE B | Beta | Significance | R 2 | Adjusted R 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mood | ||||||
| Pretest alertness | .03 | −.01 | ||||
| Constant | 26.45 | 18.14 | .15 | |||
| Rate of chewing | −.57 | .62 | −.13 | .36 | ||
| Intensity | −1.04 | 2.65 | −.06 | .7 | ||
| Posttest alertness | .06 | .01 | ||||
| Constant | 20.74 | 13.08 | .12 | |||
| Rate of chewing | −.9 | .6 | −.32 | .14 | ||
| Prior chewing | .01 | .02 | .12 | .61 | ||
| Intensity | 2.19 | 2.53 | .13 | .39 | ||
| Pretest hedonic tone | .02 | −.02 | ||||
| Constant | .56 | 9.77 | .95 | |||
| Rate of chewing | −.25 | .33 | −.11 | .45 | ||
| Intensity | 1.44 | 1.43 | .15 | .32 | ||
| Posttest hedonic tone | .04 | −.02 | ||||
| Constant | 11.67 | 7.37 | .12 | |||
| Rate of chewing | −.41 | .34 | −.26 | .23 | ||
| Prior chewing | .004 | .01 | .11 | .47 | ||
| Intensity | −.33 | 1.43 | −.04 | .82 | ||
| Pretest anxiety | .05 | .01 | ||||
| Constant | −9.62 | −.01 | .11 | |||
| Rate of chewing | −.006 | .2 | −.01 | .98 | ||
| Intensity | 1.31 | .85 | .22 | .13 | ||
| Posttest anxiety | .02 | −.04 | ||||
| Constant | .2 | 4.07 | .96 | |||
| Rate of chewing | −.09 | .19 | −.11 | .62 | ||
| Prior chewing | −.001 | .005 | −.04 | .86 | ||
| Intensity | .29 | .79 | .06 | .71 | ||
| Focused attention | ||||||
| Mean reaction time (ms) | .02 | −.04 | ||||
| Constant | .8 | 8.93 | .93 | |||
| Rate of chewing | .25 | .29 | .14 | .39 | ||
| Prior chewing | −.003 | .01 | −.04 | .81 | ||
| Intensity | −1.01 | 1.78 | −.09 | .57 | ||
| Total errors | .1 | .05 | ||||
| Constant | −1.6 | 2.09 | .45 | |||
| Rate of chewing | .02 | .07 | .04 | .81 | ||
| Prior chewing* | .01 | .003 | .32 | .04 | ||
| Intensity | −.15 | .42 | −.05 | .72 | ||
| Number of long responses | .02 | −.03 | ||||
| Constant | .1 | .58 | .86 | |||
| Rate of chewing | .01 | .02 | .04 | .81 | ||
| Prior chewing | .001 | .001 | .12 | .46 | ||
| Intensity | −.11 | .12 | −.15 | .34 | ||
| Breadth of attention | .11 | .06 | ||||
| Constant | −47.15 | 19.44 | .02 | |||
| Rate of chewing | 1.01 | .63 | .27 | .09 | ||
| Prior chewing | −.02 | .03 | −.12 | .46 | ||
| Intensity | 4.3 | 3.87 | .17 | .27 | ||
| Speed of encoding | .03 | −.03 | ||||
| Constant | −6.53 | 7.38 | .38 | |||
| Rate of chewing | .13 | .24 | .09 | .58 | ||
| Prior chewing | .003 | .01 | .04 | .79 | ||
| Intensity | .69 | 1.47 | .07 | .64 | ||
| Categoric search | ||||||
| Mean reaction time | .01 | −.05 | ||||
| Constant | −1.86 | 12.14 | .88 | |||
| Rate of chewing | .01 | .44 | .002 | .99 | ||
| Prior chewing | .004 | .02 | .04 | .83 | ||
| Intensity | −1.49 | 2.42 | −.1 | .54 | ||
| Total errors | .03 | −.03 | ||||
| Constant | −2.12 | 1.72 | .23 | |||
| Rate of chewing | −.01 | .06 | −.04 | .83 | ||
| Prior chewing | −.001 | .002 | −.07 | .72 | ||
| Intensity | .42 | .34 | .19 | .23 | ||
| Long responses | .11 | .06 | ||||
| Constant | 1.84 | .88 | .04 | |||
| Rate of chewing | −.04 | .03 | −.22 | .2 | ||
| Prior chewing | <.001 | .001 | .06 | .73 | ||
| Intensity | −.26 | .18 | −.23 | .14 | ||
| Response organization | .01 | −.05 | ||||
| Constant | 1.43 | 8.79 | .87 | |||
| Rate of chewing | .21 | .32 | .12 | .52 | ||
| Prior chewing | −.003 | .01 | −.05 | .8 | ||
| Intensity | −.7 | 1.75 | −.06 | .69 | ||
| Speed of encoding | .11 | .05 | ||||
| Constant | 29.75 | 9.82 | .004 | |||
| Rate of chewing | −.03 | .36 | −.02 | .93 | ||
| Prior chewing | .02 | .01 | .21 | .24 | ||
| Intensity* | −4.74 | 1.96 | −.37 | .02 | ||
| Spatial uncertainty | .05 | −.004 | ||||
| Constant | −15.94 | 16.94 | .35 | |||
| Rate of chewing | −.88 | .61 | −.25 | .16 | ||
| Prior chewing | .01 | .02 | .09 | .63 | ||
| Intensity | 3.56 | 3.38 | .16 | .3 | ||
| Place repetition | .02 | −.03 | ||||
| Constant | −2.41 | 8.23 | .77 | |||
| Rate of chewing | −.1 | .3 | −.06 | .73 | ||
| Prior chewing | .01 | .01 | .18 | .35 | ||
| Intensity | .09 | 1.64 | .009 | .95 | ||
| Simple reaction time | .08 | .03 | ||||
| Constant | −21.09 | 15.47 | .18 | |||
| Rate of chewing* | .84 | .49 | .42 | .04 | ||
| Prior chewing | .007 | .02 | .05 | .7 | ||
| Intensity | .74 | 2.69 | .04 | .79 | ||
| Repeated digits vigilance | ||||||
| Percent hits | .09 | .04 | ||||
| Constant | 1.41 | 1.79 | .44 | |||
| Rate of chewing | −.11 | .05 | −.32 | .06 | ||
| Prior chewing | <.001 | .002 | −.03 | .86 | ||
| Intensity | .27 | .33 | .12 | .42 | ||
| False alarms | .04 | −.01 | ||||
| Constant | −.73 | 5.31 | .89 | |||
| Rate of chewing | .17 | .16 | .17 | .31 | ||
| Prior chewing | .002 | .006 | .06 | .69 | ||
| Intensity | −1.11 | .98 | −.18 | .26 | ||
| Reaction time | .06 | .007 | ||||
| Constant | −17.49 | 24.72 | .48 | |||
| Rate of chewing | −1.2 | .75 | −.27 | .12 | ||
| Prior chewing | .02 | .03 | .12 | .41 | ||
| Intensity | 6.89 | 4.56 | .23 | .14 |
*Indicates P < .05.