Table 3.

RNA silencing in trematode parasites.

Species	Rnai	Target gene	Life stage target	Silencing efficacy	References
S. mansoni	dsRNA	SGTP1 and GAPDH	Miracidia and sporocyst	70–80% (t); 40% (p)	[55]
	dsRNA	SmCB1	Schistosomula	10-fold (t)	[56]
	dsRNA	SmCB1 and SmCB31	Cercariae and adult worms	80% (t)	[57]
	dsRNA and siRNA	SmAP	Cercariae and adult worms	>90% (t); >70% (p)	[58]
	siRNA	SmRPNII/POH1	Schistosomula	80% (t)	[59]
	dsRNA	Cathepsin D	Schistosomula	100% (t)	[60]
	siRNA	HGPRTase	Cercariae	↓ 27% parasite load, 65% (t)	[53]
	dsRNA	SmLAP 1 and SmLAP2	Eggs	↓ 80% hatching	[61]
	dsRNA	32 genes (antioxidants, transcription factors, cellular signaling, and metabolic enzymes)	Miracidia	Mobility, growth, and viability affected	[62]
	siRNA	SmAP	Adult worms	80% (t)	[63]
	dsRNA	SmTK4	Adult worms	17–63% (p)	[64]
	dsRNA	SmAQP	Adult worms	90–95% (t)	[65]
	dsRNA	SmPAL	Adult worms	Inconsistent results	[66]
	dsRNA	SmGTP-1 and SmGTP-4	Adult worms	In vivo: SmGTP-1 55% (t), SmGTP-4 85% (t); In vitro: SmGTP-1, 70% (t), SmGTP-4, 90% (t)	[67]
	dsRNA	11 genes	Schistosomula	40–75% (t)	[68]
	dsRNA	SmCa1 and SmCa2	Miracidia	35% (p)	[69]
	sh-RNA	Luciferase	Schistosomula	47.5% (p)	[70]
	dsRNA	SmAP	Adult worms	95% (t)	[71]
	dsRNA	Sm-NPP-1	Schistosomula and adult worms	55% (t)	[72]
	siRNA	SmCD59	Schistosomula	60% (t)	[73]
	dsRNA	SmCaMK2, SmJNK, SmERK1, SmERK2, and SmRas	Schistosomula	SmERK1 92% (t), SmERK2 56% (t), SmRas 42% (t)	[74]
	dsRNA	SmACC-1 and SmACC-2	Schistosomula	SmACC-1 60% (t), SmACC-2 90% (t)	[75]
	siRNA	SmAP, SmNPP-5, and SmATPDase1	Schistosomula and Adult worms	SmAP 90% (t), SmNPP-5 >90% (t), SmATPDase1 80% (t)	[54]
	siRNA	Sm5HTR	Schistosomula and adult worms	Larvae: 100% (t) and ↓ 80% motility; adult male and female: 90% (t) and ↓ 60% motility, 80% (t) and ↓ 50% motility, respectively	[76]
S. japonicum	dsRNA	SjGCP	Adult worms	75% (t)	[77]
	siRNA	Mago Nashi	Schistosomula	66–81% (t)	[78]
	dsRNA	Prxs 1 and Prxs 2	Schistosomula and adult worms	~20% (t)	[79]
	dsRNA	(SHSP) Sjp40	Adult worms	80% (t)	[80]
	siRNA	SjAR (SiRNA1 and SiRNA2)	Schistosomula	48% (t) and 73% (t)	[81]
S. haematobium	siRNA and dsRNA	Luciferase and Sh-tsp-2	Eggs, schistosomula, and adult worms	>75% (p) for both	[82]
F. hepatica	dsRNA	FheCL and FheCB	Metacercariae	FheCL1: 80% (t)	[83]
	dsRNA	FhLAP	Young larvae	>90% (p)	[84]

SGTP: facilitated diffusion glucose transporter, GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphato-dehydrogenase, SmCB: Schistosoma mansoni cathepsin B, SmAP: Schistosoma mansoni alkaline phosphatase, SmRPNII/POH1: Schistosoma mansoni proteasome subunit, HGPRTase: hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, SmLAP: Schistosoma mansoni leucine aminopeptidase, SmTK4: Schistosoma mansoni SYK kinase, SmAQP: Schistosoma mansoni aquaporin gene, SmPAL: Schistosoma mansoni peptidylglycine alpha-amidating lyase, SmGTP: Schistosoma mansoni glucose transporter, SmCa: Schistosoma mansoni calmodulin sensing, Sm-NPP-1: Schistosoma mansoni neuropeptide precursor 1, SmCaMK: Schistosoma mansoni calmodulin-binding kinase, SmJNK: Schistosoma mansoni C-JUN-N-terminal kinase, SmERK: Schistosoma mansoni extracellular signal-regulated kinase, SmRAS: small GTPase superfamily, SmACC: Schistosoma mansoni acetylcholine-gated chloride channels, SmHTR: Schistosoma mansoni serotonin-activated G protein-coupled R, SjGCP: Schistosoma japonicum gynecophoral canal, Prxs: peroxiredoxin, Sjp40: Schistosoma japonicum short heat-shock protein, SjAR: Schistosoma japonicum aldose reductase, FheCL and FheCB: Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L and B, FhLAP: Fasciola hepatica leucine aminopeptidase, and sh-tsp-2: transcription of tetraspanin 2. (↓): knockdown; (t): transcript; (p): protein.