FIGURE 2.

HP-NAP binds stably with CD25 receptor present on the surface of Treg cells. The binding between HP-NAP and CD4 receptor is found to be unstable and therefore it is not suppose to play any role in Itch activation. The activated Itch plays important role in suppressing the expression of GATA3 and phosphorylation of STAT6, which prevents the transcription of Il4 gene. Ultimately, in the absence of IL-4 production, no message for Th2 cytokines production is relayed to naïve CD4⁺ T cells. In this manner, the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the host shifts the Th2 response toward Th1 response. Red “X” indicates non-feasible attachments or reactions; green arrows indicate positive associations, and red lines indicate negative effects. Dotted black line indicates the unavailability of sure evidence. The red question mark indicates unknown mechanism. Adapted from Figure 1 in Chen (2013), with permission.