Table 1. Characteristics of the participants in the perceived quality-of-care surveys, Shanghai and Shenzhen, China, 2011–2013.
| Characteristic | No. of participants in Shanghai (%) |
No. of participants in Shenzhen (%) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First round (n = 725) | Second rounda (n = 741) | Both roundsb (n = 1466) | First round (n = 640) | Second rounda (n = 615) | Both roundsb (n = 1255) | ||
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 497 (68.6) | 506 (68.3) | 1003 (68.4) | 430 (67.2) | 402 (65.4) | 832 (66.3) | |
| Male | 228 (31.4) | 235 (31.7) | 463 (31.6) | 210 (32.8) | 213 (34.6) | 423 (33.7) | |
| Age (years) | |||||||
| ≤ 44 | 39 (5.4) | 42 (5.7)** | 81 (5.5) | 482 (75.3) | 484 (78.7) | 966 (77.0)*** | |
| 45–59 | 214 (29.5) | 160 (21.6) | 374 (25.5) | 98 (15.3) | 69 (11.2) | 167 (13.3) | |
| ≥ 60 | 472 (65.1) | 539 (72.7) | 1011 (69.0) | 60 (9.4) | 62 (10.1) | 122 (9.7) | |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Single | 102 (14.1) | 85 (11.5) | 187 (12.8) | 148 (23.1) | 117 (19.0) | 265 (21.1)*** | |
| Married | 623 (85.9) | 656 (88.5) | 1279 (87.2) | 492 (76.9) | 498 (81.0) | 990 (78.9) | |
| Migrant status | |||||||
| Non-migrant | 674 (93.0) | 702 (94.7) | 1376 (93.9) | 114 (17.8) | 83 (13.5)* | 197 (15.7)*** | |
| Migrant | 51 (7.0) | 39 (5.3) | 90 (6.1) | 526 (82.2) | 532 (86.5) | 1058 (84.3) | |
| Education | |||||||
| Middle school or below | 307 (42.3) | 289 (39.0)** | 596 (40.7) | 292 (45.6) | 277 (45.0) | 569 (45.3)* | |
| High school or equivalent | 267 (36.8) | 241 (32.5) | 508 (34.7) | 202 (31.6) | 218 (35.4) | 420 (33.5) | |
| College and above | 151 (20.8) | 211 (28.5) | 362 (24.7) | 146 (22.8) | 120 (19.5) | 266 (21.2) | |
| Employment | |||||||
| Employed | 94 (13.0) | 94 (12.7) | 188 (12.8) | 488 (76.3) | 434 (70.6)* | 922 (73.5)*** | |
| Unemployed | 631 (87.0) | 647 (87.3) | 1278 (87.2) | 152 (23.8) | 181 (29.4) | 333 (26.5) | |
| Household income category | |||||||
| Low | 111 (15.3) | 79 (10.7)*** | 190 (13.0) | 94 (14.7) | 105 (17.1) | 199 (15.9)*** | |
| Middle | 542 (74.8) | 516 (69.6) | 1058 (72.2) | 404 (63.1) | 385 (62.6) | 789 (62.9) | |
| High | 72 (9.9) | 146 (19.7) | 218 (14.9) | 142 (22.2) | 125 (20.3) | 267 (21.3) | |
| Health insurance | |||||||
| Insured | 692 (95.4) | 714 (96.4) | 1406 (95.9) | 494 (77.2) | 414 (67.3)*** | 908 (72.4)*** | |
| Uninsured | 33 (4.6) | 27 (3.6) | 60 (4.1) | 146 (22.8) | 201 (32.7) | 347 (27.6) | |
| CHC visits in previous 12 months | |||||||
| ≤ 4 | 80 (11.0) | 69 (9.3) | 149 (10.2) | 385 (60.2) | 425 (69.1)** | 810 (64.5)*** | |
| 5–12 | 141 (19.4) | 164 (22.1) | 305 (20.8) | 207 (32.3) | 144 (23.4) | 351 (28.0) | |
| ≥ 13 | 504 (69.5) | 508 (68.6) | 1012 (69.0) | 48 (7.5) | 46 (7.5) | 94 (7.5) | |
| Time since first visit to CHC (years) | |||||||
| ≤ 2 | 149 (20.6) | 99 (13.4)*** | 248 (16.9) | 356 (55.6) | 377 (61.3)* | 733 (58.4)*** | |
| 3–4 | 94 (13.0) | 79 (10.7) | 173 (11.8) | 147 (23.0) | 116 (18.9) | 263 (21.0) | |
| ≥ 5 | 482 (66.5) | 563 (76.0) | 1045 (71.3) | 137 (21.4) | 122 (19.8) | 259 (20.6) | |
| Health status | |||||||
| Good | 174 (24.0) | 207 (27.9)* | 381 (26.0) | 326 (50.9) | 343 (55.8) | 669 (53.3)*** | |
| Fair | 449 (61.9) | 458 (61.8) | 907 (61.9) | 275 (43.0) | 237 (38.5) | 512 (40.8) | |
| Poor | 102 (14.1) | 76 (10.3) | 178 (12.1) | 39 (6.1) | 35 (5.7) | 74 (5.9) | |
| Diagnosed chronic diseasec | |||||||
| Present | 600 (82.8) | 578 (78.0)* | 1178 (80.4) | 129 (20.2) | 108 (17.6) | 237 (18.9)*** | |
| Absent | 125 (17.2) | 163 (22.0) | 288 (19.6) | 511 (79.8) | 507 (82.4) | 1018 (81.1) | |
CHC: community health centre. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.
a The indicated P-values came from χ2 tests in which, for each megacity, the values recorded in the first and second rounds were compared.
b The indicated P-values came from χ2 tests in which the values recorded across both rounds in Shanghai were compared with the corresponding values recorded in Shenzhen.
c Hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular, chronic respiratory, pulmonary, liver, thyroid or skeleto–muscular diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, mental illness and/or disability.