Table 1.
Setting(s) | Microscopic visualization | GCX fixation | GCX marker(s) | Species and vessel/cell type | GCX thickness (μm) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In vivo and ex vivo | TEM | Glut | RR | Mouse diaphragmatic capillary | 0.02 | 139 |
TEM | Glut | Fluorocarbon | Rat capillary | 0.05–0.10 | 34 | |
IM | No fixation | FITC dextran-labeled plasma | Hamster muscle capillarya | 0.40–0.50 | 35 | |
μ-PIV | No fixation | Fluorescent microspheres in saline | Mouse cremaster venulesb | 0.50 | 140 | |
TEM | Glut/PFA | Alcian blue and lanthanum | Rat aorta | 0.53 | 141 | |
TEM | Glut | Lanthanum | HUVEC | 0.80 | 142 | |
IM | No fixation | FITC dextran-labeled plasma | Rat small arteriesc | 2.00–3.00 | 143 | |
TPLSM | No fixation | WGA-FITC | Mouse carotid arteries | 4.50 | 44 | |
CLSM | No fixation | Anti-HS tagged with HABP-AF555 and -AF488 | Mouse carotid arteries | 2.20–4.30 | 46 | |
In vitro | TEM | Glut | RR | MCMVEC | 0.00–0.20 | 144 |
TEM | Glut | RR | HDMVEC | 0.01–0.02 | 144 | |
TEM | Glut | RR | BLMVEC | 0.01–0.03 | 144 | |
μ-PIV | No fixation | Fluorescent microspheres in media | HUVECd | 0.03 | 140 | |
μ-PIV | No fixation | Fluorescent microspheres in media | BAECe | 0.02 | 140 | |
TEM | Glut | Lanthanum | HUVEC | 0.03 | 142 | |
TEM | Glut | RR | BAEC | 0.02–0.04 | 145 | |
TEM | Glut | Alcian blue | CiGEnC | 0.20 | 146 | |
TEM | Glut/PFA | Alcian blue and lanthanum | HAEC | 0.85 | 141 | |
CLSM | PFA | Fluorescent anti-HS | RFPEC | 2.00f | 73 | |
CLSM | No fixation | WGA-FITC | HUVEC | 2.50 | 39 | |
CLSM | PFA | HABP-FITC and fluorescent anti-HS | BLMVEC | 2.00–3.00 | 40 |
Abbreviations: μ-PIV, microparticle image velocimetry; AF555, Alexa Fluor 555; AF488, Alexa Fluor 488; BAEC, bovine aortic EC; BLMVEC, bovine lung microvascular EC; BLMVEC, bovine luteal microvascular EC; CiGEnC, conditionally immortalized human glomerular EC; CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy; EC, endothelial cells; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; glut, glutaraldehyde; HABP, hyaluronic acid–binding protein; HAEC, human aortic ECs; HDMVEC, human dermal microvascular EC; HS, heparan sulfate; HUVEC, human umbilical vein EC; IM, intravital microscopy; MCMVEC, murine cardiac microvascular EC; PFA, paraformaldehyde; RFPEC, rat fat pad EC; RR, ruthenium red; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; TPLSM, two-photon laser scanning microscopy; WGA, wheat germ agglutinin.
5.1 ± 0.1 μm diameter.
45 ± 20 μm diameter.
148 ± 5 μm diameter.
Cells were plated in collagen channels of ~110–150-μm diameter.
Cells were plated in collagen channels of ~88–109-μm diameter.
GCX thickness was not reported in the publication but was obtained in reference to the scale bar and relative to the cell dimensions.