TABLE 6.
aHRs of Offspring Being Diagnosed With ASD After Self-Reported Use of Antibiotics During Pregnancy
| Use of Antibiotics | ASD
|
Infantile Autism
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. Exposed ASD/Non-ASD | Crude HR (95% CI) | aHRa (95% CI) | No. Exposed Infantile Autism/Non–Infantile Autism | aHRa (95% CI) | |
| Any antibiotic | 214/18 519 | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 79/18 654 | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) |
| Penicillins | 121/10 189 | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 48/10 262 | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) |
| Macrolides | 17/1514 | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) | 9/1522 | 2.2 (1.1–4.4) |
| Sulfonamides | 34/2280 | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | 1.5 (1.0–2.2) | 12/2302 | 1.6 (0.9–3.0) |
| Cephalosporins | 12/1121 | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) | 1.1 (0.6–2.3) | 6/1127 | 1.9 (0.8–4.7) |
a
Adjusted for maternal age, paternal age, maternal smoking during pregnancy, parity, gender, parents’ educational status, and the parents’ psychiatric condition. Data were analyzed in strata according to year of birth.