Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients.
| Patients characteristics | Number of patients (%) | Mean (SD) (median) [range] |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) (N = 457) | ||
| 21–30 | 3 (0.7) | 65 (11.7) (65) [23–100] |
| 31–40 | 9 (2.0) | |
| 41–50 | 33 (7.2) | |
| 51–60 | 104 (22.7) | |
| 61–70 | 152 (33.3) | |
| >70 | 156 (34.1) | |
| Gender (N = 457) | ||
| Male | 200 (43.8) | |
| Female | 257 (56.2) | |
| Ethnic groups (N = 457) | ||
| Malay | 153 (33.5) | |
| Chinese | 182 (39.8) | |
| Indian | 119 (26.0) | |
| Others | 3 (0.7) | |
| Marital status (N = 432) | ||
| Single | 21 (4.9) | |
| Married | 392 (90.7) | |
| Divorced | 2 (0.5) | |
| Widower | 17 (3.9) | |
| Employment status (N = 329) | ||
| Employed | 115 (35.0) | |
| Unemployed | 214 (65.0) | |
| Baseline HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol)a (N = 402) | ||
| <6.5 (<48) | 25 (6.2) | 8.7 (1.7) (8.5) [4.9–17.1] |
| ≥6.5 (≥48) | 377 (93.8) | |
| <7.0 (<53) | 47 (11.7) | |
| ≥7.0 (≥53) | 355 (88.3) | |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) (mg/dL)b (N = 373) | ||
| <4.4 (<79.2) | 6 (1.6) | 8.8 (3.2) (8.3) [2.9–36.9] |
| 4.4–6.1 (79.2–109.8) | 50 (13.4) | |
| >6.1 (>109.8) | 317 (85.0) | |
| Presence of comorbiditiesc (N = 457) | ||
| Hypertension | 379 (82.9) | |
| Dyslipidemia | 322 (70.5) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 143 (31.3) | |
| Kidney disease | 103 (22.5) | |
| Stroke | 23 (5.0) | |
| Duration of diabetes (number of years) (N = 406) | ||
| 1–5 | 21 (5.2) | 14.9 (7.6) (13) [0–41] |
| 6–10 | 91 (22.2) | |
| 11–15 | 118 (29.1) | |
| 16–20 | 81 (19.9) | |
| >20 | 95 (23.4) | |
| Body weight (kg) (N = 294) | ||
| <50 | 21 (7.1) | 70.9 (19.1) (66.9) [36.8–195.0] |
| 50–59 | 66 (22.5) | |
| 60–69 | 84 (28.6) | |
| 70–79 | 43 (14.6) | |
| ≥80 | 80 (27.2) | |
| Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2)d (N = 140) | ||
| <18.5 | 1 (0.7) | 27.9 (5.4) (27.4) [17.2–45.4] |
| 18.5–22.9 | 25 (17.9) | |
| 23–27.4 | 46 (32.9) | |
| ≥27.5 | 68 (48.5) | |
| Waist circumference (cm)b | ||
| Male (N = 74) | 95.5 (11.8) (96.0) [65.0–132.5] |
|
| <90 | 20 (27.0) | |
| ≥90 | 54 (73.0) | |
| Female (N = 85) | 93.8 (18.0) (91.0) [67–204] |
|
| <80 | 7 (8.2) | |
| ≥80 | 78 (91.8) | |
| Number of diabetes medications (N = 449) | ||
| 1 | 94 (20.9) | 2.12 (0.8) (2) [1–4] |
| 2 | 224 (49.9) | |
| 3 | 112 (25.0) | |
| 4 | 19 (4.2) | |
| Type of antidiabetes medications (N = 449) | ||
| Biguanide only | 41 (9.1) | |
| Sulphonylurea only | 43 (9.6) | |
| Insulin only | 16 (3.6) | |
| Biguanide and sulphonylurea | 186 (41.4) | |
| Biguanide and insulin | 20 (4.5) | |
| Sulphonylurea and insulin | 8 (1.8) | |
| Biguanide, sulphonylurea, and insulin | 24 (5.3) | |
| Otherse | 111 (24.7) | |
| Initial dose of sitagliptin (N = 457) | ||
| 25 mg | 34 (7.4) | |
| 50 mg | 158 (34.6) | |
| 100 mg | 265 (58.0) |
SD: standard deviation.
aHbA1c is categorised based on the Clinical Practice Guidelines of Malaysia of <6.5% [5] and the American Diabetes Association of <7% [6].
bFasting blood glucose and waist circumference are categorized based on the Clinical Practice Guidelines of Malaysia [5].
cSome patients may have more than one comorbidity.
dBody mass index (BMI) is categorized based on the Clinical Practice Guidelines on Management of Obesity [20].
eOthers include combinations such as meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.