Table 2. Hazard Ratios for Mortalitya Associated With Baseline Characteristics at the Time of Incident Heart Failure Diagnosis.
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| Characteristic | All-cause death | CVD death | Non-CVD death | All-cause death | CVD death | Non-CVD death |
| Age | ||||||
| ≤65 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 66-75 years | 2.07 (1.71-2.50) | 2.12 (1.55-2.90) | 2.15 (1.67-2.78) | 1.92 (1.58-2.34) | 2.09 (1.51-2.89) | 1.88 (1.44-2.46) |
| 76-85 years | 3.49 (2.95-4.14) | 4.20 (3.18-5.55) | 3.32 (2.63-4.17) | 3.20 (2.65-3.86) | 4.36 (3.22-5.90) | 2.76 (2.14-3.56) |
| <85 years | 6.56 (5.51-7.81) | 8.91 (6.73-11.80) | 5.59 (4.41-7.10) | 6.25 (5.12-7.63) | 9.97 (7.25-13.71) | 4.73 (3.61-6.22) |
| Male sex | 1.09 (0.99-1.20) | 1.19 (1.03-1.37) | 1.00 (0.88-1.15) | 1.02 (0.92-1.13) | 1.14 (0.98-1.32) | 0.95 (0.82-1.09) |
| Calendar year | ||||||
| 2000-2003 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2004-2007 | 1.00 (0.90-1.11) | 1.01 (0.87-1.19) | 0.92 (0.79-1.06) | 1.04 (0.94-1.16) | 1.01 (0.86-1.19) | 0.98 (0.84-1.13) |
| 2008-2010 | 1.05 (0.91-1.20) | 0.92 (0.75-1.15) | 0.96 (0.79-1.16) | 1.07 (0.93-1.24) | 0.92 (0.74-1.15) | 1.02 (0.84-1.24) |
| Hypertension | 1.12 (0.99-1.26) | 1.12 (0.93-1.34) | 1.09 (0.92-1.28) | 1.10 (0.97-1.25) | 1.12 (0.92-1.36) | 1.04 (0.87-1.24) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.25 (1.12-1.39) | 1.35 (1.15-1.58) | 1.14 (0.98-1.32) | 1.13 (1.00-1.28) | 1.20 (1.00-1.45) | 1.06 (0.90-1.26) |
| BMI, 1 kg/m2 | 0.98 (0.97-0.98) | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | 0.96 (0.95-0.97) | 0.98 (0.97-0.99) | 0.99 (0.98-1.01) | 0.97 (0.96-0.98) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.80 (0.72-0.88) | 0.98 (0.84-1.14) | 0.68 (0.59-0.77) | 0.71 (0.64-0.79) | 0.86 (0.73-1.02) | 0.61 (0.53-0.71) |
| Smoking | ||||||
| None | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Past | 1.12 (1.02-1.24) | 0.96 (0.83-1.11) | 1.29 (1.12-1.48) | 1.08 (0.98-1.20) | 0.91 (0.78-1.06) | 1.28 (1.11-1.48) |
| Current | 1.37 (1.14-1.64) | 1.16 (0.86-1.56) | 1.55 (1.21-1.98) | 1.26 (1.04-1.51) | 1.12 (0.82-1.51) | 1.41 (1.09-1.82) |
| Prior MI | 1.24 (1.11-1.39) | 1.42 (1.19-1.68) | 1.21 (1.03-1.43) | 1.07 (0.95-1.21) | 1.26 (1.04-1.51) | 1.03 (0.87-1.22) |
| Charlson index | ||||||
| No comorbidity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Mild comorbidity | 1.34 (1.18-1.52) | 1.08 (0.90-1.31) | 1.76 (1.46-2.13) | 1.34 (1.17-1.54) | 0.99 (0.81-1.21) | 1.86 (1.53-2.27) |
| Severe comorbidity | 2.00 (1.76-2.27) | 1.71 (1.42-2.05) | 2.45 (2.03-2.96) | 1.97 (1.70-2.28) | 1.49 (1.20-1.85) | 2.64 (2.14-3.26) |
| HFpEF | 0.86 (0.77-0.97) | 0.73 (0.62-0.86) | 1.00 (0.80-1.24) | 0.89 (0.79-1.01) | 0.76 (0.64-0.90) | 1.07 (0.85-1.33) |
| Outpatient diagnosis | 0.84 (0.76-0.93) | 0.83 (0.71-0.96) | 0.80 (0.70-0.92) | 0.83 (0.75-0.92) | 0.84 (0.72-0.98) | 0.78 (0.67-0.90) |
a
Based on 1,793 deaths; 777 CVD and 923 non-CVD (93 were undetermined).
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index; MI, myocardial infarction; HFpEF, hazard ratio with preserved ejection fraction.