TABLE 5.

Parent-Offspring Associations Between Drug Abuse, Alcohol Use Disorders, and Criminal Behavior as Measured by Hazard Ratios in Mothers Compared With Fathers From Intact Families, in Not-Lived-With Mothers Compared With Fathers, and in Stepmothers Compared With Fathers

Parent	Outcome in Offspring
	Drug Abuse		Alcohol Use Disorders		Criminal Behavior
	Hazard Ratio or p	95% CI	Hazard Ratio or p	95% CI	Hazard Ratio or p	95% CI
Mother from intact family (N=2,111,074)	3.28	3.05, 3.52	2.53	2.41, 2.66	1.91	1.87, 1.95
Father from intact family (N=2,111,074)	3.77	3.51, 4.06	2.41	2.33, 2.49	1.97	1.94, 2.00
Heterogeneity test	p=0.008		p=0.11		p=0.02
Not-lived-with mother (N=10,194)	2.70	2.23, 3.26	1.90	1.60, 2.25	1.58	1.45, 1.72
Not-lived-with father (N=113,761)	2.72	2.58, 2.88	1.81	1.73, 1.89	1.50	1.46, 1.53
Heterogeneity test	p=0.94		p=0.59		p=0.24
Stepmother (N=18,359)	1.68	1.12, 2.52	1.36	1.18, 1.57	1.35	1.28, 1.43
Stepfather (N=65,803)	1.74	1.43, 2.16	1.22	1.10, 1.35	1.27	1.22, 1.33
Heterogeneity test	p=0.87		p=0.23		p=0.10