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. 2011 Jul 13;2(1-6):1–19. doi: 10.1007/s12645-011-0015-7

Fig. 8.

Fig. 8

Common methods used for the QD biofunctionization including: (a) direct linkage to the TOPO-coated QDs [biomolecules can be linked including thiolated DNA (ligand exchange)] or peptides with adhesive domains, (b) electrostatic interaction, and (c) covalent linking (Xing and Rao 2008)