Table 4.

QDs biomolecule attached and their application

QD–functions	Applications	Ref.
QD–RGD peptide	Labeling and imaging	(Mazumder et al. 2009)
QD–streptavidin	Immunolabeling	(Mazumder et al. 2009)
QD–AFP-Ab	Imaging and targeting	(Chen et al. 2008)
QD–oligonucleotides	Cell labeling	(Sapsford et al. 2006)
QD–streptavidin/biotinylated DNA	FISH detection	(Sapsford et al. 2006)
QD–DNA	Hepatitis B and C and SND detection and biosensing	(Sapsford et al. 2006; Medintz et al. 2005)
QD–avidin	Labeling	(Sapsford et al. 2006)
QD–anti-TNT	Immunodetection	(Sapsford et al. 2006)
QD–antibody	Biosensing and small molecular detection	(Sapsford et al. 2006)
QD–aptamer	ATP detection	(Drbohlavova et al. 2009)
QD–protein	Biosensing	(Smith et al. 2006)
QD–MBP-Cy3-β-CD-Cy3.5	Biosensing	(Toshihide and Kayozabo 1992)
QD–TAT	Endothelial cell targeting and labeling	(Stroh et al. 2005)
CHP–QD–Hela	Cervical cancer	(Wang et al. 2008a)
QD–Luc8	BRET system	(Xia and Rao 2009)
QD–PSMA	Prostate cancer	(Fu et al. 2005)
QD–PEG–PLA	Biomedical imaging and detection	(Manda et al. 2005)
QD–PEG–antibody	Prostate cancer detection	(Jamiesona et al. 2007)
QD–PEG–DSPE	Magnetic imaging	(Mulder et al. 2006)
QD–peptide	In vivo vascular tumor targeting	(Fu et al. 2005)
QD–CA 125	Ovarian cancer	(Peng and Li 2010)
QD–HER2	Breast cancer	(Peng and Li 2010)
QD–PSA	Prostate cancer	(Peng and Li 2010)
QD–anti-claudin-4	Pancreatic cancer	(Peng and Li 2010)
QD–AFP	HCC (hepatocelluar)	(Peng and Li 2010)

QD quantum dot, AFP alpha-fetoprotein, PSA prostate-specific antigen, MBP maltose-binding protein, FISH fluorescence in situ hybridization, PSMA prostate-specific membrane antigen, HER2 human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, CA 125 carbohydrate antigen 125, PEG polyethylene glycol, DSPE 1,2 distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine, PLA polycaprolactone, Luc 8 luciferase, RGD arginine–glycine–aspartic acid, DNA deoxyribonucleic acid, BRET bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, ATP adenosine triphosphate