Table 5.

Chinese herbal compounds that suppress VSMC migration and proliferation.

Compound	Herb	Target or indicator	Type of study	Reference
Protocatechuic aldehyde	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	PI3K/Akt, MAPK, cyclin D2	In vitro	[93]
Gleditsia sinensis thorn extract	Gleditsia sinensis thorns	MMP-9; p21WAF1, cyclinB1, Cdc2 and Cdc25c; ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, JNK; NF-κB, AP-1	In vitro	[94]
Corynoxeine	Hook of Uncaria rhynchophylla	DNA synthesis of VSMCs, ERK1/2	In vivo	[95]
Phyllanthus emblica extract	Phyllanthus emblica	ox-LDL, MDA	In vitro	[79]
Berberine	Coptis chinensis	MAPK1/2, ERK, Egr-1, PDGF, c-Fos, Cyclin D1	In vitro	[96]
Nucifera leaf extract	Nelumbo nucifera GAERTN	JNK, MAPK, FAK/PI 3-kinase/small G protein	In vitro	[97]
Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract	Hibiscus sabdariffa L.	triglyceride, LDL, foam cell formation, VSMC migration	In vivo	[98]
Panax notoginseng saponins	Panax notoginseng	integrin, FAK, NF-κB	In vivo	[99]
Astragalus polysaccharide	Astragalus membranaceus	ABCA1, NF-κB	In vitro	[100]
Scoparone	Artemisia scoparia	monocyte adhesion, lipid laden foam cells	In vivo	[87]
Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract	Hibiscus sabdariffa L.	TC, LDL-C; foam cell formation, VSMC migration	In vivo	[98]