Table 5.
Ordered Logit Model (Mean Marginal Effects)
(1=Usually low, 2=Low/Moderate, 3=sometimes high, 4=Often high, 5=Usually high) All Sample
| VARIABLES | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | −0.0121*** (0.000270) |
0.00129*** (3.60e-05) |
0.00706*** (0.000183) |
0.00227*** (6.51e-05) |
0.00149*** (2.64e-05) |
| Age Squared | 6.23e-05*** (3.98e-06) |
−6.64e-06*** (3.60e-07) |
−3.63e-05*** (2.46e-06) |
−1.17e-05*** (7.97e-07) |
−7.67e-06*** (4.27e-07) |
| Gender (Male) | 0.0866*** (0.00154) |
−0.00922*** (0.000371) |
−0.0505*** (0.000797) |
−0.0163*** (0.000282) |
−0.0107*** (0.000315) |
| Region (base group West) | |||||
| Northeast | −0.0324*** (0.00759) |
0.00345*** (0.000834) |
0.0189*** (0.00440) |
0.00609*** (0.00141) |
0.00399*** (0.000951) |
| North Central | −0.0436*** (0.00593) |
0.00464*** (0.000565) |
0.0254*** (0.00350) |
0.00819*** (0.00114) |
0.00537*** (0.000737) |
| South | −0.0629*** (0.00516) |
0.00670*** (0.000597) |
0.0366*** (0.00297) |
0.0118*** (0.000975) |
0.00774*** (0.000680) |
| Urban Area | 0.0243*** (0.00336) |
−0.00259*** (0.000388) |
−0.0142*** (0.00198) |
−0.00456*** (0.000624) |
−0.00299*** (0.000383) |
| Benefit Plan (base group PPO) | |||||
| HMO | 0.0577*** (0.00941) |
−0.00614*** (0.00101) |
−0.0336*** (0.00550) |
−0.0108*** (0.00171) |
−0.00709*** (0.00121) |
| POS | 0.0254*** (0.00474) |
−0.00271*** (0.000471) |
−0.0148*** (0.00281) |
−0.00478*** (0.000910) |
−0.00313*** (0.000554) |
| Other | 0.0227*** (0.00392) |
−0.00242*** (0.000446) |
−0.0132*** (0.00226) |
−0.00426*** (0.000717) |
−0.00279*** (0.000502) |
| Median HH income at zip code | −0.339*** (0.0968) |
0.0361*** (0.00998) |
0.197*** (0.0567) |
0.0636*** (0.0183) |
0.0417*** (0.0119) |
| Employee Classification: Union | −0.0155*** (0.00366) |
0.00165*** (0.000416) |
0.00902*** (0.00211) |
0.00291*** (0.000676) |
0.00190*** (0.000461) |
| Employment Status (base group: Active Full Time) | |||||
| Early Retiree | −0.0160*** (0.00259) |
0.00170*** (0.000248) |
0.00931*** (0.00154) |
0.00300*** (0.000501) |
0.00197*** (0.000308) |
| Other | −0.0195*** (0.00654) |
0.00208*** (0.000668) |
0.0114*** (0.00385) |
0.00367*** (0.00124) |
0.00240*** (0.000792) |
| Trauma occurred | −0.129*** (0.00372) |
0.0138*** (0.000373) |
0.0753*** (0.00244) |
0.0243*** (0.000764) |
0.0159*** (0.000490) |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Myocardial Infarction | −0.309*** (0.00470) |
0.0329*** (0.00116) |
0.180*** (0.00273) |
0.0581*** (0.000912) |
0.0380*** (0.00100) |
| Congestive heart failure | −0.290*** (0.00980) |
0.0309*** (0.000905) |
0.169*** (0.00629) |
0.0545*** (0.00207) |
0.0357*** (0.00120) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | −0.230*** (0.00654) |
0.0245*** (0.000579) |
0.134*** (0.00429) |
0.0433*** (0.00145) |
0.0284*** (0.000832) |
| Dementia | 0.280*** (0.0158) |
−0.0298***(0.00194) | −0.163*** (0.00919) |
−0.0526*** (0.00284) |
−0.0344*** (0.00223) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | −0.242*** (0.00551) |
0.0257*** (0.000552) |
0.141*** (0.00370) |
0.0454*** (0.00125) |
0.0297*** (0.000822) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | −0.183*** (0.00299) |
0.0195*** (0.000477) |
0.106*** (0.00201) |
0.0343*** (0.000839) |
0.0225*** (0.000456) |
| Rheumatologic disease or connective tissue disease | −0.362*** (0.00883) |
0.0385*** (0.000920) |
0.211*** (0.00576) |
0.0680*** (0.00197) |
0.0445*** (0.00133) |
| Peptic Ulcer disease | −0.231*** (0.00629) |
0.0246*** (0.000649) |
0.135*** (0.00404) |
0.0434*** (0.00148) |
0.0284*** (0.000768) |
| Mild/Moderate/Severe liver disease | −0.290*** (0.00844) |
0.0309*** (0.00101) |
0.169*** (0.00517) |
0.0545*** (0.00170) |
0.0357*** (0.00134) |
| Moderate or severe renal disease | −0.407*** (0.0160) |
0.0434*** (0.00178) |
0.237*** (0.00957) |
0.0765*** (0.00301) |
0.0501*** (0.00241) |
| Diabetes | −0.245*** (0.00640) |
0.0261*** (0.000617) |
0.143*** (0.00406) |
0.0461*** (0.00149) |
0.0302*** (0.000950) |
| Any tumor (Other Malignancy) | −0.219*** (0.00599) |
0.0234*** (0.000556) |
0.128*** (0.00392) |
0.0412*** (0.00123) |
0.0270*** (0.000896) |
| Metastatic solid tumor | −0.253*** (0.00859) |
0.0269*** (0.000995) |
0.147*** (0.00520) |
0.0475*** (0.00170) |
0.0311*** (0.00128) |
| Diabetes + complications | −0.230*** (0.00649) |
0.0245*** (0.00111) |
0.134*** (0.00390) |
0.0432*** (0.00125) |
0.0283*** (0.000777) |
| AIDS | −0.915*** (0.0332) |
0.0974*** (0.00387) |
0.533*** (0.0201) |
0.172*** (0.00613) |
0.113*** (0.00507) |
| PDG Category 1=Present | |||||
| Organic Mental Disorders / Other Psychotic Disorders (NEC, NOS) | −0.227*** (0.00763) |
0.0241*** (0.00117) |
0.132*** (0.00435) |
0.0425*** (0.00127) |
0.0279*** (0.00126) |
| Alcohol Use Disorders | −0.0792*** (0.00641) |
0.00843*** (0.000734) |
0.0461*** (0.00370) |
0.0149*** (0.00119) |
0.00974*** (0.000862) |
| Opioid and Other Substance Use Disorders | −0.145*** (0.00674) |
0.0154*** (0.000630) |
0.0844*** (0.00417) |
0.0272*** (0.00147) |
0.0178*** (0.000681) |
| Schizophrenia Disorders | −0.252*** (0.0144) |
0.0268*** (0.00180) |
0.147*** (0.00837) |
0.0473*** (0.00253) |
0.0310*** (0.00205) |
| Bipolar Disorders | −0.285*** (0.00715) |
0.0303*** (0.00111) |
0.166*** (0.00430) |
0.0535*** (0.00129) |
0.0351*** (0.00125) |
| Major Depressions | −0.201*** (0.00259) |
0.0214*** (0.000742) |
0.117*** (0.00134) |
0.0377*** (0.000663) |
0.0247*** (0.000592) |
| Other Specific & Atypical Affective Disorders | −0.141*** (0.00387) |
0.0150*** (0.000737) |
0.0821*** (0.00204) |
0.0265*** (0.000696) |
0.0173*** (0.000650) |
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorders | −0.132*** (0.00769) |
0.0141*** (0.000956) |
0.0772*** (0.00445) |
0.0249*** (0.00153) |
0.0163*** (0.000941) |
| Anxiety Disorders (NOS) | −0.123*** (0.00348) |
0.0131*** (0.000675) |
0.0715*** (0.00175) |
0.0230*** (0.000651) |
0.0151*** (0.000589) |
| Personality, Impulse Control, Adjustment,and Other Mental Disorders | −0.140*** (0.00262) |
0.0149*** (0.000636) |
0.0815*** (0.00123) |
0.0263*** (0.000525) |
0.0172*** (0.000528) |
| Observations Pseudo R-squared |
2,465,152 0.120 |
2,465,152 0.120 |
2,465,152 0.120 |
2,465,152 0.120 |
2,465,152 0.120 |
Standard errors in parentheses
***
p<0.01,
**
p<0.05,
*
p<0.1
1. Usually low – low spending at least four years, no years with high spending, Low/Moderate – low spending in three or fewer years, no years with high spending, Sometimes high – 1 or 2 years of high spending, Often high – 3 or 4 years of high spending, Usually high – 5 or 6 years of high spending. High spending is the top 10% and low spending is the bottom 70% of annual expenditures.