Table 2.

Predictors of poor outcomes in schizophrenia in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966.

Definition of poor outcome	Predictor of poor outcome
Poor clinical outcomes
(i) More hospitalizations, rehospitalization after first episode [25–30]	Family history of psychosis  Sociodemographic factors: father's high social class   Childhood development: earlier age of learning to stand or walk  Illness-related factors: insidious mode of illness onset, suicidal ideations at first episode, short first hospitalization, long DUP in short-term, and short DUP in long-term  Brain morphology: reduced density of the left limbic area
(ii) More symptoms, lack of remission [27, 29, 31, 32]	Adolescence factors: smoking at age 14 years, poorer school performance at high school  Illness-related factors: earlier age at onset, poor work adjustment at illness onset, single at illness onset, psychosocial stressor before illness onset, and more symptoms at first episode   Temperament traits: lower reward dependence and persistence  Brain morphology: decreased white matter volume
(iii) Treatment resistance [33]	Higher birth length and weight
Poor social outcomes
(i) Poor occupational functioning  (ii) Disability pension  (iii) Low score on SOFAS [25, 29, 32, 34, 35]	Childhood and adolescence factors: lack of friends at childhood, poorer school performance at high school   Illness-related factors: earlier age of illness onset, single at illness onset  Temperament traits: lower persistence and higher harm avoidance  Brain morphology: reduced density of the grey matter in left frontal lobe and left limbic area

DUP = duration of untreated psychosis, SOFAS = Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale.