Table 2.
Monoclonal antibodies in cancer management
| Name | Class | Target | Approved initial indications | FDA Approved |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rituximab (Rituxan) | Chimeric IgG1 | CD20 | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 1997 |
| Trastuzumab (Herceptin) | Humanized IgG1 | HER2 | Breast cancer | 1998 |
| Alemtuzumab (Campath) | Humanized IgG1 | CD52 | B-cell CLL | 2001 |
| Ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin) | Murine IgG1 | CD20 | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 2002 |
| Tositumomab (Bexxar) | Murine IgG2a | CD20 | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 2003 |
| Cetuximab (Erbitux) | Chimeric IgG1 | EGFR | Squamous cancer head & neck | 2004 |
| Bevacizumab (Avastin) | Humanized IgG1 | VEGF | Colorectal cancer | 2004 |
| Panitumumab (Vectibix) | Humanized IgG2 | EGFR | Colorectal cancer | 2006 |
| Ofatumumab (Arzerra) | Humanized IgG1 | CD20 | CLL | 2009 |
| Denosumab (Xgeva) | Humanized IgG2 | RANKL | Bone metastases | 2010 |
| Ipilimumab (Yervoy) | Humanized IgG1 | CTLA-4 | Metastatic melanoma | 2011 |
| Brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris) | Chimeric IgG1 | CD30 | Hodgkin lymphoma | 2011 |
| Pertuzumab (Perjeta) | Humanized IgG1 | HER2 | Breast cancer | 2012 |
| Trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla) | Humanized IgG1 | HER2 | Breast cancer | 2013 |
| Obinutzumab (Gazyva) | Humanized IgG1 | CD20 | B-cell CLL | 2013 |
| Name | Class | Target | Present indications | Clinical Trials** |
| Amatuximab | Chimeric IgG1 | mesothelin | mesothelioma | Phase-I |
| Elotuzumab | Humanized IgG1 | CS1 | Multiple myeloma | Phase-III |
| Farletuzumab | Humanized IgG1 | FRA | Ovarian and lung cancers | Phase-III |
| Inotuzumab ozogamicin | Humanized IgG4 | CD22 | ALL, Malignant lymphoma | D/C |
| Moxetumomab pasudotox | Murine Fv-CD22 | CD22 | Hairy cell Leukemia | Phase-III |
| Naptumomab estafenatox | Murine Fab | 5 T4 | Renal and solid malignancies | Phase-II |
| Necitumumab | Humanized IgG1 | EGFR | NSCL (Squamous cell) | Phase-III |
| Nivolumab | Humanized IgG4 | PDI | NSCL, Melanoma, Renal | Phase-III |
| Ontuximab | Humanized IgG1 | TEM1 | Solid tumors | Phase-I/II |
| Onartuzumab | Humanized IgG1 | c-Met | NSCL, Gastric | D/C |
| Racotumomab vaccine (Vaxira) | Murine | GM3 | NSCL | Phase-III |
| Rilotumumab | Humanized IgG2 | HGF/SF | Gastric, GEJ | Phase-III |
Abbreviations: 5 T4 Antigen expressed on several solid tumors; ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia; c-MET MNNG HOS proto-oncogene that encodes hepatocyte growth factor receptor; CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CTLA-4 cytotoxic T lymphocyte inhibitors mediated by malignant cells; CS1 human CS1 antigen glycoprotein belonging to CD2 subset of the immunoglobulin superfamily; D/C clinical trials that were discontinued due to the lack of efficacy or excessive toxicities; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; FDA Food and Drug Administration in United States; FRA folate receptor alpha; GM3 tumor antigen N-glycolil, a type of ganglioside present on the surface of breast and lung cancer cells; HGF human hepatocyte growth factor receptors; Mesothelin mesothelin is cell surface glycoprotein overexpressed in multiple malignancies such as mesothelioma; NSCL non-small cell lung cancer; PD-1 human cell surface receptor programed death-1, results in activation of T cell mediated immune responses; RANKL RANK ligand protein that acts as the primary signal for bone removal, loss, or destruction; TEM1 tumor endothelial Marker-1 and CD248 (Morphotek Inc, Exton, PA); VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.
**Active clinical trials on monoclonal antibodies in cancer management as of July 1st, 2014 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).