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. 2015 Mar 9;106(5):567–575. doi: 10.1111/cas.12633

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© 2015 The Authors. Cancer Science published by Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Fig 1 — Cell viability assays of HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells treated with retinoids and sorafenib. Cells were treated with sorafenib alone at the indicated concentrations, or in combination with 5 or 10 μM all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) (a), NIK-333 (b), and Am80 (c) for 48 h. Cell viabilities were determined by WST assay and expressed as percentages of those of control (DMSO treatment). (d) Hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (PLC/PRF/5, HuH6, HLE, HLF, and Hep3B) were treated with 1 μM sorafenib alone, or in combination with 5 or 10 μM ATRA for 48 h. Cell viabilities were expressed as percentages of those of control (sorafenib alone). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus control. Experiments were run in triplicate and carried out at least two times on separate occasions.