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. 2015 Mar 9;106(5):567–575. doi: 10.1111/cas.12633

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© 2015 The Authors. Cancer Science published by Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Fig 5 — Combined treatment using sorafenib and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) increased the rate of apoptotic cell death. HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells were treated with 0.1 μM sorafenib and 10 μM ATRA alone, or in combination, for 24 or 48 h. (a) Phase contrast images (left) and Hoechst staining images (right) of cells treated with DMSO, ATRA, sorafenib, and combined ATRA and sorafenib. Apoptotic cells are indicated by white arrows. (b) The number of apoptotic cells was quantified and presented as a percentage of the total cell number. Ten images were photographed from each group. A, P < 0.05 versus 0 h; b, P < 0.05 versus DMSO; c, P < 0.05 versus ATRA alone; d, P < 0.05 versus sorafenib alone.